• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.229-251
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• 2022

In 2017, an intraplate earthquake of Mw 7.1 occurred 120 km from Mexico City (CDMX). Most collapsed structural buildings stroked by the earthquake were flat slab systems joined to reinforced concrete (RC) columns, unreinforced masonry, confined masonry, and dual systems. This article presents the simulated response of an actual six-story RC frame building with masonry infill walls that did not collapse during the 2017 earthquake. It has a structural system similar to that of many of the collapsed buildings and is located in a high seismic amplification zone. Five 3D numerical models were used in the study to model the seismic response of the building. The building dynamic properties were identified using an ambient vibration test (AVT), enabling validation of the building's finite element models. Several assumptions were made to calibrate the numerical model to the properties identified from the AVT, such as the presence of adjacent buildings, variations in masonry properties, soil-foundation-structure interaction, and the contribution of non-structural elements. The results showed that the infill masonry wall would act as a compression strut and crack along the transverse direction because the shear stresses in the original model (0.85 MPa) exceeded the shear strength (0.38 MPa). In compression, the strut presents lower stresses (3.42 MPa) well below its capacity (6.8 MPa). Although the non-structural elements were not considered to be part of the lateral resistant system, the results showed that these elements could contribute by resisting part of the base shear force, reaching a force of 82 kN.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.487-502
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• 2014

In buildings structures, the flexural stiffness reduction of beams and columns due to concrete cracking plays an important role in the nonlinear load-deformation response of reinforced concrete structures under service loads. Most Seismic Design Codes do not precise effective stiffness to be used in seismic analysis for structures of reinforced concrete elements, therefore uncracked section properties are usually considered in computing structural stiffness. But, uncracked stiffness will never be fully recovered during or after seismic response. In the present study, the effect of concrete cracking on the lateral response of structure has been taken into account. Totally 120 cases of 3 Dimensional Dynamic Analysis which considers the real and accidental torsional effects are performed using ETABS to determine the effective structural system across the height, which ensures the performance and the economic dimensions that achieve the saving in concrete and steel amounts thus achieve lower cost. The result findings exhibits that the dual system was the most efficient lateral load resisting system based on deflection criterion, as they yielded the least values of lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. The shear wall system was the most economical lateral load resisting compared to moment resisting frame and dual system but they yielded the large values of lateral displacements in top storeys. Wall systems executes tremendous stiffness at the lower levels of the building, while moment frames typically restrain considerable deformations and provide significant energy dissipation under inelastic deformations at the upper levels. Cracking found to be more impact over moment resisting frames compared to the Shear wall systems. The behavior of various lateral load resisting systems with respect to time period, mode shapes, storey drift etc. are discussed in detail.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권3C호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2009

프레셔미터 시험은 하중에 따른 변위 곡선에 기초하여 지반의 변형특성을 평가할 수 있는 시험 방법으로 현장의 응력 상태 및 토체의 입자 구조를 그대로 반영하여 지반의 비선형적인 변형특성을 평가할 수 있는 장점을 지니고 있다. 본 연구에서는 교란의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 하중 재재하 곡선을 이용하여 전단탄성계수의 감쇠 특성을 평가할 수 있는 시험및 해석 방법을 제안하고 있다. 하중 제하-재재하 과정에서 발생될 수 있는 원지반과의 응력 차이를 고려하여 최대 전단탄성계수를 산정하고, 재재하 곡선의 감쇠 특성과 결합하여 변형률 크기에 따라 감쇠되는 전단탄성계수의 특성을 평가하고 있다. 이를 위하여, 대형 압력 토조를 이용하여 다양한 지반 조건에서 프레셔미터 시험을 수행하였으며, 벤더 엘리먼트 시험및 공진주 시험을 통하여 전단탄성계수 감쇠 특성을 평가, 비교하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.409-428
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• 2016

To realise the full benefits of a self-centering seismic resilient system, the designer must ensure that the entire structure does indeed re-center following an earthquake. The idealised flag-shaped hysteresis response that is often used to define the cyclic behaviour of self-centering concrete systems seldom exists and the residual drift of a building subjected to an earthquake is dependent on the realistic cyclic hysteresis response as well as the dynamic loading history. Current methods that are used to ensure that re-centering is achieved during the design of self-centering concrete systems are presented, and a series of cyclic analyses are used to demonstrate the flaws in these current procedures, even when idealised hysteresis models were used. Furthermore, results are presented for 350 time-history analyses that were performed to investigate the expected residual drift of an example self-centering concrete wall system during an earthquake. Based upon the results of these time-history analyses it was concluded that due to dynamic shake-down the residual drifts at the conclusion of the ground motion were significantly less than the maximum possible residual drifts that were observed from the cyclic hysteresis response, and were below acceptable residual drift performance limits established for seismic resilient structures. To estimate the effect of the dynamic shakedown, a residual drift ratio was defined that can be implemented during the design process to ensure that residual drift performance targets are achieved for self-centering concrete wall systems.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.505-517
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• 2008

휨지배 거동을 나타내는 세장한 이중강판합성벽의 비탄성 거동을 예측하기 위하여 비선형 수치해석 모델이 연구되었다. 수치해석의 편리를 위하여, 제안된 모델은 비교적 단순한 모델을 가지고 비탄성 거동을 근사적으로 예측할 수 있는 거시적 모델로 개발되었다. 휨지배 거동을 나타내는 벽체에 대해서는 다중평행요소 모델이 사용되었으며, 깊은 연결보의 전단거동을 위하여 X형 대각요소 모델이 사용되었다. 각 요소의 주기거동을 예측하기 위하여 콘크리트 및 강판 요소에 대한 간략화된 일축의 주기모델을 제안하였다. 제안된 해석모델은 1자형 및 T형 단일벽과 병렬벽에 적용하였으며, 그 결과는 기존의 실험결과와 비교되었다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

핀/슬롯 그레인 및 내삽노즐을 가진 고체로켓모터 내부와 동일한 기하학적 형상을 가진 표면분사 시험모델을 사용하여 연소유동장을 모사하고, 스모크 와이어를 이용하여 유동장을 가시화하였다. 그레인 전방부 투영창을 통해 촬영하는 기법 등에 이용하여 획득된 내삽노즐 선단 인접부의 반경방향 평면상에서의 유동가시화 이미지 분석을 통해, 슬롯출구 반경방향유동, 핀베이스 축방향유동 및 상류그레인포트 축방향유동의 상호 전단작용에 의한 반경방향 운동량 전달이 노즐 인접부에서의 선회류 유동 및 와류튜브 구조를 발생시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

For the large deformation of shear walls under vertical and horizontal loads, there are difficulties in obtaining accurate simulation results using the response analysis method, even with fine mesh elements. Furthermore, concrete material nonlinearity, stiffness degradation, concrete cracking and crushing, and steel bar damage may occur during the large deformation of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls. Matrix operations that are involved in nonlinear analysis using the traditional finite-element method (FEM) may also result in flaws, and may thus lead to serious errors. To solve these problems, a planar four-node element was developed based on vector mechanics. Owing to particle-based formulation along the path element, the method does not require repeated constructions of a global stiffness matrix for the nonlinear behavior of the structure. The nonlinear concrete constitutive model and bilinear steel material model are integrated with the developed element, to ensure that large deformation and damage behavior can be addressed. For verification, simulation analyses were performed to obtain experimental results on an RC shear wall subjected to a monotonically increasing lateral load with a constant vertical load. To appropriately evaluate the parameters, investigations were conducted on the loading speed, meshing dimension, and the damping factor, because vector mechanics is based on the equation of motion. The static problem was then verified to obtain a stable solution by employing a balanced equation of motion. Using the parameters obtained, the simulated pushover response, including the bearing capacity, deformation ability, curvature development, and energy dissipation, were found to be in accordance with the experimental observation. This study demonstrated the potential of the developed planar element for simulating the entire process of large deformation and damage behavior in RC shear walls.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

In the case of a school building, even though it is a regular structure in terms of plan shape, if the masonry infill wall acts as a lateral load resisting element, it can be determined as a torsionally irregular building. As a result, the strength and ductility of the structure are reduced, which may cause additional earthquake damage to the structure. Therefore, in this study, a structure similar to a school building with torsional irregularity was selected as an example structure and the damping performance of the PC-BRB was analyzed by adjusting the eccentricity according to the amount of masonry infilled wall. As a result of nonlinear dynamic analysis after seismic reinforcement, the torsional irregularity of each floor was reduced compared to before reinforcement, and the beams and column members of the collapse level satisfied the performance level due to the reduction of shear force and the reinforcement of stiffness. The energy dissipation of PC-BRB was similar in the REC-10 ~ REC-20 analytical models with an eccentricity of 20% or less. REC-25 with an eccentricity of 25% was the largest, and it is judged that it is effective to combine and apply PC-BRB when it has an eccentricity of 25% or more to control the torsional behavior.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.135-140
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• 2005

항만과 해역에 설치되는 수직벽의 일례로 육상 및 유입되는 오염수의 오염 유출 방지를 위한 차수기능을 갖는 차수벽과 교량이나 댐, 갑문 둥의 하천 또는 해양구조물을 축조하는 동안 물이 들어오는 것을 방지하기 위하여 임시로 설치되는 가물막이(cofferdam)벽 등이 있다 이들 차단벽의 구조역학적인 설계 인자 중 유입수 유동 특성과 설치 지역의 지반 특성이 중요한 의미를 가진다고 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 수직 차단벽 주위의 유체역학적 특성 파악의 일례로 수직벽의 하단에 틈새를 갖는 파공(perforation)이 발생하였을 때 이들 파공의 개도율 변화에 따른 유동특성을 고찰하는 하나의 방안으로 입자영상유속계(Particle Image Velocimetry)를 이용하여 수직벽 후류 특성을 실험적으로 고찰하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2024

Recently, in newly constructed apartment buildings, the exterior wall structures have been characterized by thinness, having various openings, and a significantly low reinforcement ratio. In this study, a nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to investigate the crack damage characteristics of the exterior wall structure. The limited analysis models for a 10-story exterior wall were constructed based on the prototype apartment building, and nonlinear static analysis (push-over analysis) was performed. Based on the finite element (FE) analysis model, the parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of various design parameters on the strength and crack width of the exterior walls. As the parameters, the vertical reinforcement ratio and horizontal reinforcement ratio of the wall, as well as the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio and shear reinforcement ratio of the connection beam, were addressed. The analysis results showed that the strength and deformation capacity of the prototype exterior walls were limited by the failure of the connection beam prior to the flexural yielding of the walls. Thus, the increase of wall reinforcement limitedly affected the failure modes, peak strengths, and crack damages. On the other hand, when the reinforcement ratio of the connection beams was increased, the peak strength was increased due to the increase in the load-carrying capacity of the connection beams. Further, the crack damage index decreased as the reinforcement ratio of the connection beam increased. In particular, it was more effective to increase the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the connection beams to decrease the crack damage of the coupling beams, regardless of the type of the prototype exterior walls.