• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.126-137
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• 2002

Objective : There is accumulating data that cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, cerebro-vascular accident, coronary heart disease, relate to atherosclerotic changes. Increased serum levels of lipids could play a role in these circumstances. the SDPTG(the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform) is noninvasive methods for evaluating the pulse wave and is correlated with age and other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Methods : To study the effects of serum lipid levels on the SDPTG in the middle-age adults, data on serum lipid levels and the SDPTG were collected in 80 healthy middle age with varying serum lipid concentrations. Biological vascular age was assessed using the SDPTG. the SDPTG consists of an a, b, c, and d wave in systole and an e wave in diastole; an SDPTG aging index(Al) was calculated as (b-c-d-e)/a. Results : Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, total lipid, phospholipid, HDL cholesterol levels were respectively and significantly correlated with SDPTG Al. Serum lipid levels and blood pressure are age-dependent and the SDPTG is blood pressure-dependent. Restricting analysis to age and blood pressure yield strong positive correlations between serum triglyceride, total lipid levels and SDPTG Al, but no correlations between serum total cholesterol, phospholipid levels and SDPTG Al. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that preventive acupuncture programs or herbal medications for reducing serum lipid, especially triglyceride, levels in middle-age should include a evaluation of biological vascular aging with the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.107-111
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Meristotheca papulosa on lipid concentration of serum and liver in rats fed high fat diet for 4 weeks. Experimental groups ere divided into normal group (5% corn oil), high fat diet group (5% corn oil+20% lard), high fat diet and 5% or 10% Meristotheca papulosa treated group. The weights of kidney, heart and tests were not significantly different among the group, but weight of liver was significantly decreased by supplement of Meristotheca papulosa (10%). The contents of serum total lipid, trigly-ceride, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol ester and atherogenic index were decreased, while HDL-cholesterol was increased by Meristotheca papulosa supplementation compared to high fat diet group. Meristotheca papulosa supplement has obvious effects on lowering hepatic total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol. Our findings suggest that Meristotheca papulosa supplement can improve lipid metabolism in high fat fed rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 1996

The effects of pine needle extracts on serum and liver lipid contents were evaluated in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 329$\pm$4 were divided into five groups and fed high fat diets for four weeks. Each group was administered with following pine needle extract: control, water ; WE-3, hot water extract(3% PN) ; WE-6, hot water extract(6% PN) ; AE-3, acetone extract(3% PN) ; AE-6, acetone extract(6% PN). Weight gains were significantly lower in WE-6 group than other groups. But there was no significant difference among other three groups. Intakes of diet and water containing the extract and the weights of liver, kidney, heart and spleen were not significantly different among the groups. The contents of serum and liver triglyceride in the WE-3 group were lower than those of control group. The contents of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the WE-3 group was significantly higher than other groups. The value of risk factor index(RFI) was determined to be low especially in case of WE-3 group. Due to pine needle extract administration, concentration of liver total lipid in WE-3 group was significantly lower than that of the control group. These results suggest that the WE-3 may reduce elevated levels of serum and liver lipid contents in rat fed high fat diet.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2005

An increase in serum cholesterol is directly associated with high incidences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Serum lipid profiles are highly dependent on dietary fatty acids and age. The purpose of this study was to examine the age-related effects of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios and antioxidant supplementation under the control of the dietary peroxidizability index (PI) value on serum lipid profiles in rats. While the PI level of dietary fatty acids was controlled at 81.22, the P/S ratios of fatty acids were 0.38 and 4.81 (LP and HP). The diets were supplemented with a vitamin E 1000 mg/kg diet and a selenium 2.5 mg/kg diet (LPS and HPS). Female Sprague-Dawley rats ages 3 weeks (young) and 16 weeks (adult) were fed four different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The serum triglyceride concentration of LPS was significantly higher in young rats than in adult rats. The total-cholesterol concentration of LP and HPS were higher in young rats than in adult rats. The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration of LP, LPS and HP was higher in adult rats than in young rats. The low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration was higher in young rats than in adult rats. T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were much higher in young rats than in adult rats. In conclusion, P/S ratios and antioxidant supplementation did not affect T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios as risk factors of CVD in adult rats when we controlled the PI value in the diet Probably, the invisible and confounding effects of dietary PI value implicate the beneficial roles of dietary P/S ratios and antioxidants in CVD. Accordingly, controlling the dietary PI value may be advantageous to lower the risk of CVD in adult rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.743-753
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among nutritional status, serum lipids and leptin of 134 elementary school students with different obesity index residing in Kyunggi-do, Korea. Subjects were assigned to under weight, normal weight or over weight group according to the their obesity index. Their nutritional status, serum lipid and leptin levels were evaluated based on 24-hr dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements and blood analysis. The mean weight, height and obesity index of total subjects was 150.8cm, 45.6kg and 5.4%. The mean % of body fat was higher while LBM and TBW (total body water) were lower in over weight subjects than those of other two groups. Total food, plant protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin C intakes of underweight male students were lower than those of overweight male students. The consumption of total fat was the highest in the female normal weight subjects and the lowest in female overweight subjects. Male students consumed more plant protein and vitamin C than female students. The mean daily intake of vitamin B$_2$, calcium and zinc of all subjects did not meet the Korean RDA. Also, iron intake of female students was lower than the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum leptin was the highest in male and female overweight subjects (p＜0.001). The HDL-cholesterol level was the highest in the underweight group of male subjects (p＜0.05) and in the normal weight group of female subjects (p＜0.001) The serum level of leptin and atherogenic index (AI) of females were higher than those of males. Serum leptin of total subjects had significantly positive correlation with obesity index, weight, SBP, body fat, cholesterol intake, serum triglyceride, and AI. However, serum leptin was negatively correlated with LBM, TBW, intake of plant protein, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin C and serum HDL-cholesterol. Obesity index was also positively correlated with weight, SBP, body fat, serum triglyceride and AI. To summarize the results, the vitamin B$_2$, calcium, zinc, iron and fiber intakes should be supplied to elementary school students, especially those who were overweight. The average serum leptin level of students showed remarkably positive correlation with obesity index, body fat, serum lipids and AI. Also, it was suggested that the serum leptin might be related to the dietary factors like cholesterol, plant protein, vitamin B$_1$ and vitamin C of elementary school students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of $\alpha$-tocopherol(800 I.U./d) supplementation on oxidant stress of eleven female aerobic -majoring students during rest and exercise. Changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase were also studied. Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased with vitamin E supplementation(710.1$\pm$113.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl vs. 1,485,8$\pm$105.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl). In addition, serum MDA concentration, an index of lipid peroxidation, significantly decreased after vitamin E supplementation. However, MDA values after exercise increased to pre-supplementation levels. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased with vitamin E supplementation. The enzyme activity showed a trend toward decrease after exercise. Serum cholesterol values were not significantly affected by vitamin E supplementation. However, serum triglycerides significantly increased after supplementation against oxidative stress during resting periods. These supplements appraently work by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing glutathione peroxidase activity. However, vitamin E supplementation did not prevent exercise-induced increases in lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.771-781
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• 1995

The present study was aimed to examine various factors related to serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index, lipoperoxides and vitamin E in 174 middle-aged men residing in Taegu. Body mass index was positively correlated with serum triglyceride, and waist-hip circumference ratio was positively correlated with serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index and vitamin E concentration. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index of the subjects who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day were significantly higher than those with smoking less or non-smokers. drinking alcohol more than 5 times per week showed higher atherogenic index than drinking less frequently of non-drinking. Subjects doing exercise had higher HDL-cholesterol level than those with no exercise. The intakes of all nutrients were above 90% of RDA and the subjects with good food habit had lower of total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index and lipoperoxides. The study indicates that avoiding heavy smoking and drinking as well as obesity and keeping regular exercise, good food habit and diversity of foods will reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of Zizyphus jujuba seed extract on the concentrations of the lipids and blood glucose in the S.D. rats fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups (group 2 (cholesterol+water), group 3 (cholesterol+Zizyphus jujuba seed extract)) than those in the control group (group 1, basal diet+water). But the concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG, PL and blood glucose in serum ware remarkably lower in the group 3 than those in the group 2. In the ratio of HIDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group was higher percentage than in the group 2. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group (group 3) than in the cholesterol diet group (group 2). From the above research, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of dietary hyperlipidemic rats. And particularly, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were more effective as a therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus beer on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant activity in rat Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighting about 190g were divided into the following 5 groups ; distillate water (Control), 5% ethanol in distillate water (Ethanol), commercial beer (CB), Lycii fructus beer (LFB) and 5% alcohol red wine diluted with distillate water (RW). Body weight, total food intake, FER and percent organ (liver, kidney) weight per body weight were not significantly changed by Lycii fructus beer drinking. After 6 weeks, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol level were not significantly different. But, Lycii fructus beer intake tended to decrease serum triglyceride level and atherogenic index. Also, GOT and GPT levels were expressed lower than Ethanol group. There was not significantly different in hepatic glutatiione (GSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities among 5 groups. Lipid peroxidation in the hepatic was decreased by Lycii fructus beer intake. The results demonstrated that Lycii fructus beer was potential and effective antioxidant that can protect the decrease associated with alcohol.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.435-438
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the serum lipid and cholesterol lowering effects of kimchi powder or Lactobacillus plantarum when added to fermented sausage in rats. Male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were divided in three groups and administered with the following diets for 6 wk: non-fermented sausage added diets (CON), kimchi fermented sausage added diets (KIM), and Lactobacillus plantarum fermented sausage added diets (PLA). The CON has significantly (p<0.05) higher food intake, body weight gains, and final body weight than the other two groups. The body weight of KIM was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the other groups. The weights of organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, perirenal adipose tissue, and epididymal adipose tissue) were not affected by any treatments. The mean value of serum triglycerides (TG) concentration in KIM and PLA groups was not significantly different compared with CON. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein levels in serum of KIM were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of CON. The serum free cholesterol level and atherogenic index (AI) in KIM and PLA were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementations with kimchi powder fermented sausages or L. plantarum fermented sausages were effective for lowering serum lipid, cholesterol levels and atherogenic index in rats.