• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1114-1123
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• 2014

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of 2% seamustard (Undaria pinnatifida) by-product (SW) on growth performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile in Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 Hanwoo steers (ave. 22 months old; 619 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to control (basal diet) and 2% SW supplemented diet. Dietary SW supplementation significantly (p<0.05) improved average daily gain and gain:feed ratio as well as serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Chemical composition and quality grade of meat and carcass yield grades evaluated at the end of the trial were found to be unaffected by SW supplementation. Dietary SW significantly reduced meat cholesterol concentration (p<0.05). Dietary SW supplementation significantly reduced the myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:ln-7) concentration, while SW increased the concentration of stearic acid (C18:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) compared to control (p<0.05). Dietary SW supplementation had no effect on saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids, poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or mono unsaturated fatty acid content in muscles. A reduced ratio of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 were found in SW supplemented group (p<0.05). In conclusion, 2% SW supplementation was found to improve growth, immunity and fatty acid profile with significantly reduced cholesterol of beef.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2003

Fatty acids analysis was carried out with mulberry seed. As a result, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic cid and linoleic acid were detected as a major fatty acid. Their rates of composition were 8.8${\pm}$3.3, 4.2${\pm}$1.6, 5.8${\pm}$2.3 and 81.2${\pm}$6.9(％), respectively. The unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid were abundant in mulberry seed. Paticularly, five accessions including ‘Gukkwang’, ‘Jaelaenosang’, ‘Sangbansibmunja (Jeonnam) ’, ‘Neunggeum’ and ‘Suwonnosang’ were observed only with linoleic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to have physiological effects decreasing the serum cholesterol. From the above result, we confirm that mulberry fruits have abundant unsaturated fatty acids and anthocyanin pigments, and they are of great value as functional food resources.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2002

This present study was carried out to investigate the body weight-regulatory effects of Glechoma longituba in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Control group rats were fed with high fat diet and administered normal saline for 8weeks. Experimental groups rats were fed with high fat diet and administered extract of Glechoma longituba for 8 weeks. And observed that, body weight of rats and total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, phospholipid in serum of rats. The results were as follows: 1. There were decrease of body weight of rats in GL group, but these results showed no significant efficacy. 2. There were significant decrease of serum total cholesterol level in GL group. 3. There were decrease of serum triglyceride level in GL group, but these results showed no significant efficacy. 4. There were decrease of serum free fatty acid level in GL group. but these results showed no significant efficacy. 5. There were significant decrease of serum phospholipid level in GL group. According to above mentioned results, Glechoma longituba is expected to be applied to the prevention or treatment of obesity and its complications.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.730-739
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods: Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results: Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion: Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 1990

We made S.D male rats eat 3.6% tryptophan(trp) or tyrosine(thr)-enriched diet for 4 days and measured the trp or tyr use in serum of stressed rats as well as cortisol, glucose and free fatty acid(ffa) changes in serum. When control group had received stress treatment, their tyr level has dropped significantly but no changes in trp level and their cortisol, glucose, ffa levels in serum were increased significantly all together. Trp-enrichment alone can't change serum cortisol and ffa levels but trp pools in serum and brain enlarged by dietary enrichment. Trp-enriched group's serum glucose concentration was significantly lower than control-dieted group. When trp-enriched group received stress treatment, their responses to stress were different from control-dieted group. Serum trp concentration of trp-enriched-with-stress group has dropped significantly and cortisol level was increased significantly but not as much as control-dieted-with-stress group. Glucose and ffa levels of trp-enriched-with-stress group did not increase at all. Tyr-enriched group has also larger serum pool of tyr and lowest basal cortisol level in all three diet group. tyr-enriched group's and ffa levels were in normal range and those responses to stress were same pattern with control diet group. Most importantly in tyr-enriched-with-stress group, only slight but not significant increase of cortisol level was shown.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.815-820
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• 2004

The effect of capsaicin (0.02%) on the concentrations of liver and serum lipids, GOT and GPT activities, and hepatocyte morphology in male Sprague Dawley rats fed diets with or without erotic acid (1.0%) for 28 days was studied. Liver triglyceride concentration was increased by approximately 4.7-fold after erotic acid-feeding, wherease simultaneous feeding of capsaicin and erotic acid reduced its concentration by 38%. Orotic acidfeeding elevated liver cholesterol concentration, but an addition of capsaicin to the erotic acid diet resulted in the significant decrease in liver cholesterol. Capsaicin alone did not affect the liver triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Reduction of the serum concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol by capsaicin was also observed in rats fed diets with erotic acid. The serum GOT and GPT activities were not significantly different among the experimental groups. Liver tissue morphology showed that the hepatocytes of erotic acid-feeding rats were a typical fatty liver with numerous fat droplets, whereas simultaneous feeding of capsaicin with erotic acid reduced the size and numbers of fat droplets. The present study demonstrated that the diet containing 0.02% capsaicin can prevent the erotic acid-induced fatty liver.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.411-419
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• 2015

We previously demonstrated that bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes promote adipogenic gene expression in muscle satellite cells in a co-culture system. Herein we hypothesize that saturated fatty acids would promote adipogenic/lipogenic gene expression, whereas mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids would have the opposite effect. Bovine semimembranosus satellite cells (BSC) and intramuscular preadipocytes (IPA) were isolated from crossbred steers and cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and 1% antibiotics during the 3-d proliferation period. After proliferation, cells were treated for 3 d with 3% horse serum/DMEM (BSC) or 5% FBS/DMEM (IPA) with antibiotics. Media also contained $10{\mu}g/mL$ insulin and $10{\mu}g/mL$ pioglitazone. Subsequently, differentiating BSC and IPA were cultured in their respective media with $40{\mu}M$ palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid for 4 d. Finally, BSC and IPA were single- or co-cultured for an additional 2 h. All fatty acid treatments increased (p = 0.001) carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta ($CPT1{\beta}$) gene expression, but the increase in $CPT1{\beta}$ gene expression was especially pronounced in IPA incubated with palmitic and stearic acid (6- to 17-fold increases). Oleic and linoleic acid decreased (p = 0.001) stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression over 80% in both BSC and IPA. Conversely, palmitic and stearic acid increased SCD gene expression three fold in co-cultured in IPA, and stearic acid increased $AMPK{\alpha}$ gene expression in single- and co-cultured BSC and IPA. Consistent with our hypothesis, saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acid, promoted adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, whereas unsaturated fatty acids decreased expression of those genes associated with fatty acid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2021

This study evaluated the effect of microwave-dried black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (HILM) as a dietary protein source for broiler diets. A total of 250 male broilers were randomly allocated to five dietary treatment groups (10 replicates and 5 birds·pen^-1) which were respectively fed the following: a control diet (HI0) and four experimental diets in which soybean meal was replaced with 2 (HI2), 4, 6, and 8% HILM. At the end of the study (35 d), blood samples were collected from 10 randomly selected broilers (1 bird per pen) to determine serum parameters. Then, the broilers were slaughtered to determine volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles in cecal digesta. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake linearly decreased (p < 0.01), and the feed conversion ratio linearly increased (p < 0.05) according to the inclusion level of HILM; however, there were no significant differences between the HI0 and HI2 groups. Dietary HILM increased (p < 0.01) the total VFAs in cecal digesta and decreased (p < 0.05) the triglyceride level in the blood. The broilers fed HILM had lower (p < 0.01) serum phosphorus levels; dietary HILM increased (p < 0.05) the serum calcium level. The total VFAs in cecal digesta were positively influenced by the dietary microwave-dried HILM. However, a low inclusion level (2%) of HILM in broiler diets is proper in terms of growth performance and health.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

Squid is a sustainable source of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids. This study aims to assess the safety and triglyceride-lowering efficacy of refined oil derived from the squid(Todarodes pacificus) viscera. Male and female participants with elevated fasting serum lipids (i.e., total cholesterol of ≥5.2 mmol/L or fasting serum triglyceride of ≥1.65 mmol/L) were randomly allocated to the control (n = 52) or squid oil group (n = 52), and participants in the latter group were instructed to consume 3 g of squid oil daily for 60 days. None of the subjects reported adverse events associated with the consumption of squid oil. Baseline clinical chemistry and hematological parameter values and those toward the end of the treatment period were similar, and all values were within the normal range. Fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the control and squid oil groups were similar; however, toward the end of the 60 day study period, these levels significantly reduced in the squid oil group relative to those in the control group (P< 0.01). However, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged in both groups. Thus, it can be inferred that squid oil is a safe source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and has beneficial effects on the blood lipid levels. This is the first clinical study on squid oil usage, and suggests that it could be a sustainable source of omega 3 fatty acids.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.169-177
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• 2014

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the impact of nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with one-year dietary supplementation with omega (${\omega}$)-3 on the serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA). Methods: Fifteen patients with chronic generalized periodontitis were treated with scaling and root planing. The test group consisted of seven patients ($43.1{\pm}6.0$ years) supplemented with ${\omega}$-3, consisting of EPA plus DHA, three capsules, each of 300 mg of ${\omega}$-3 (180-mg EPA/120-mg DHA), for 12 months. The control group was composed of eight patients ($46.1{\pm}11.6$ years) that took a placebo capsule for 12 months. The periodontal examination and the serum levels of DPA, EPA, DHA, and AA were performed at baseline (T0), and 4 (T1), and 12 (T2) months after therapy. Results: In the test group, AA and DPA levels had been reduced significantly at T1 (P<0.05). AA and EPA levels had been increased significantly at T2 (P<0.05). The ${\Delta}EPA$ was significantly higher in the test compared to the placebo group at T2-T0 (P=0.02). The AA/EPA had decreased significantly at T1 and T2 relative to baseline (P<0.05). Conclusions: Nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with ${\omega}$-3 supplementation significantly increased the EPA levels and decreased the AA/EPA ratio in serum after one year follow-up. However, no effect on the clinical outcome of periodontal therapy was observed.