• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix on serum corticosterone and blood histamine content by immobilization stress in mice. Corticosterone secretion and blood histamine level was significantly increased in mice by subjecting the animals to immobilization stress 1 hr. after intraperitoneal injection of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract (150 mg/kg) and glycyrrhizinic and (15 mg/kg). whereas, administration of cortisol $(7.5\;{\mu}g/kg)$ provoked a decrease in corticosterone secretion and histamine levels. These results suggested that glycyrrhizinic acid was effective on cortiosterone release provoked by immobilization stress and this release was mediated in part by histamine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.172-178
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• 2004

To investigated the effects of Kwibi-tang water extract (KBT) on the non-specific immune response in C57BL/6 mice stressed by immobilization, we evaluated the changes in the contents of serum histamine and corticosterone and the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The level of serum histamine and corticosterone was determined with spectrofluorometer. The cell viability was determined by a MTT assay method. The subpolpulation of lymphocytes was determined by a flow cytometry. The phagocytic activity was determined with luminometer. KBT decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by immobilization stress. Also, KBT enhanced the phagocytic activity and decreased the level of nitric oxde in murine peritoneal macrophages decreased by immobilization stress. These results indicate that KBT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of the non-specific immune response.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.706-711
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• 2022

Broiler chickens are exposed to various stresses throughout their lives, and those stresses affect their well-being and meat quality. Therefore, the farm breeding system is critical for reducing stress in broilers and improving animal welfare. This study was conducted to evaluate the difference between general farms and animal welfare farms and to evaluate feather corticosterone as an index for measuring stress. Samples of 28-day-old broilers (blood, feathers, and muscle) were collected from slaughter-houses, and corticosterone, along with HSP70, glycogen, and L-lactate, were extracted from feathers and serum as indicators of broiler stress levels and energy metabolism. The analysis results confirmed a significantly (p<0.01) higher feather cortisone level in the general farm group than in the welfare farm group, but no significance was detected for serum corticosterone. HSP70 levels did not differ in muscles and feathers. Glycogen levels were significantly higher in the general farm group than in the welfare farm group (p<0.01), but L-lactate levels showed no difference. Our results suggest that feather corticosterone can be used as an indicator to evaluate stress differences between general farms and animal welfare farms and that long-term stress can be assessed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate the effect Hypericum Perforatum (HP), on behavioral changes, corticosterone, TNF-${\alpha}$ levels and tryptophan metabolism and disposition in bilateral ovariectomized rats compared to $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol. Behavioral analysis by measuring immobility time in forced swimming test and open field test, serum and hippocampal corticosterone and TNF-${\alpha}$ along with hippocampal kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were determined in mature ovariectomized rats treated orally either by HP at three different doses 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day or by $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol $30{\mu}g/kg/day$ for 30 days. Ovariectomized rats showed significant increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test. Along with elevation in serum and hippocampal TNF-${\alpha}$ and corticosterone levels associated with significant increase in hippocampal kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. Immobility time in the forced swimming test was decreased in rats treated by different doses of HP in a dose dependent manner and $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol with no concomitant changes in the open field test. Only Rats treated with HP exhibited significant decrease in the elevated serum and hippocampal TNF-${\alpha}$ and corticosterone, which couldn't explain the associated insignificant effect on hippocampaus kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in comparison to ovariectomized untreated rats. It is concluded that increased tryptophan metabolism toward kynurenine secondary to elevated corticosterone and TNF-${\alpha}$ might be one of the pathohphysiological mechanisms that could explain depression like state observed in this rat model. Further, the observed attenuating effect of HP on TNF-${\alpha}$ and corticosterone could contribute in its antidepressant effect in this animal model by other ways than their effects on tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism pathway.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1999

Anesthetic agents are useful in inducing the anesthesia for surgical operations and various biological experiments, but they can disturb the body homeostasis and cause the stress in animals. Much efforts have been directed on reducing such side effects of anesthesia. In this work, we measured the serum ACTH, corticosterone and glucose concentration in rabbits to compare the degree of stress induced by two commonly-used anesthetics, ketamine, xylazine, and the combination of xylazine and ketamine. 1. The anesthesia was induced in about 10 min in the rabbits treated with xyalzine, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine. The duration of complete loss of righting reflex were 12, 13 and 115 min in the groups treated with xylazine, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine, respectively. 2. Serum ACTH concentrations in all treatment groups were higher than those in control group. At 30 min after the administration of the drugs, serum ACTH levels in ketamine-treated group were significantly higher than those in control, xylazine- and xylazine-ketamine-treated groups. However, at 1, 2, 5 and 9 hours after the drug administration, serum ACTH levels in xylazine-treated-group were higher than those in control. 3. Serum corticosterone levels in xylazine- and xylazine-ketamine-treated groups were lower than those in control or ketamine-treated groups at 0.5 and 1 hour after the administration. However, at 5 and 9 hours after the administration, serum corticosterone levels in xylazine- and xylazine-ketamine-treated groups were significantly higher than those in ketamine-treated group or control. 4. Serum glucose levels transiently increased to 3 times of the pre-injection levels at 0.5 and 1 hours after the administration in xylazine or xylazine-ketamine-treated groin, but were not changed in control and ketamine-treated group. These results indicate that xylazine-induced stress lasts longer than ketamine-induced, suggesting that the difference in stress-related hormone levels during anesthesia could be due to the differences in modes of actions of individual drugs used and the depth of anesthesia.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.85-105
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• 2005

Purpose : Investigate the effects of Chungganhaewooltang(CHT) on immobilization-stress or cold-stress in C576BL/6J mice. Methods : Male C57BL/6J 30 mice of weighting 18${\pm}$2g, were divided into sixs groups including the immobilization-stress group(5heads), after immobilization-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads), cold-stress group(5heads) and after cold-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads). then we observed changes in the serum histamine and corticosterone level and changes immune system Results : Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone. CHT decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by cold-stress. CHT inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. In addition, immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the cell viability of murine thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT increased the cell viability of thymocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Also immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT decreased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect DNA fragmentation of splenocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress increased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the population of $B220^+$ cells and increased the population of $thy1^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of $thy1^+$ cells increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells and $CD8^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$(IFN) interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-4. CHT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-IFN$ decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress but did not affect the production of IL-2 and IL-4 decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Furthermore, Immobilization- stress or cold-stress decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and the production of nitric oxide. CHT enhanced the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production decreased by cold-stress. Conclusion : CHT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of immune response.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.101-115
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Sam-Jeong-Hwan(SJH) on the animal model of depression induced immobilization stress. Method: The subject were divided into 4 groups(l. normal 2. saline solution administered during immobilization stress treatment 3. SJH of 100mg/kg administered 4. BKJ of 400mg/kg administered). Immobilization stress was treated for 1 hours on day. During 2 days of immobilization stress treatment, they were executed forced swimming test, passive avoidance test, elevated plus maze test. Corticosterone and ACTH in blood were measured. Results: In forced swimming test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased immobilization. In passive avoidance test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed increased learning execution. In EPM test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased anxiety. In locomotor activity test, SJH groups showed significantly increased locomotor activity. Stress group showed significantly increase in serum level of corticosterone, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased serum level of corticosterone. Stress group showed significantly increase in serum level of ACTH, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased serum level of ACTH. Conclusion: These results suggest that Sam-Jeong-Hwan(SJH) is effective in the treatment of depression.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.223-223
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• 1996

Effects of Panax ginseng were tested on morphine-and steroids-induced immunosuppression, focusing on mechanism and identification of active components. To investigate overall effects of morphine and ginseng total saponin (GTS) on immune system, body weight and lymphoid organ weight were measured. Morphine significantly reduced body weight, spleen/body weight, and thymus/body weight ratio. GTS, at 100mg/kg (oral), restored spleen/body weight ratio. Because morphine is known to increase corticosterone level, serum corticosterone level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum corticosterone was increased by morphine and it was restored to the control level by GTS 100mg/kg (oral). In vitro proliferation studies were also conducted to study the effects of ginseng on steroids-induced immunosuppression. While ginsenoside Rg$_1$ and ginseng alkaloids were effective on proliferation and dexamethasone-induced death of thymocytes, 50% ginseng ethanol extract and polysaccharides were effective on splenocytes. In vivo mprohine-induced apoptosis of thymus was partly protected by GTS.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.297-307
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• 2015

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effect of Cervi Cornu and coenzymeQ10 on exercise and endurance capacity in rats and mice. Methods: The extract of Cervi Cornu was manufactured by the pharmacy department of Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital, and CoQ10 soft cap (Ildong Pharmaceutical) was used. In total, 24 rats and 30 mice were divided into 3 groups: Control (rat=8, mouse=10), CoQ10 alone (rat=8, mouse=10), Cervi Cornu extract, and CoQ10 (rat=8, mouse=10). Ergogenic effect was evaluated by administering the Cervi Cornu extract and coenzymeQ10 to rats and measuring the time to exhaustion during treadmill running; endurance capacity was assessed by measuring cold water swimming time, serum lactate level, and serum corticosterone level in each group. At 1 week from the end of treatment, we recalculated time to exhaustion during treadmill running in rats to investigate the long-term effect of the Cervi Cornu extract and coenzymeQ10. Results: Cervi Cornu extract has long-term benefits in that it preserves the ergogenic effect caused by exercise. Cervi Cornu and coenzymeQ10 have no effect on increasing cold water swimming time in ICR mice. CoenzymeQ10 decreases the serum corticosterone level in ICR mice performing cold water swimming test. Conclusions: Cervi Cornu seems to preserve the ergogenic effect caused by exercise, but a larger study is needed to investigate effect of Cervi Cornu and coenzymeQ10 on improving endurance capacity. CoenzymeQ10 decreases serum corticosterone level and it is related with the anti-psychological fatigue effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 1989

For assessment of the effects of adrenal hormones and diets on diabetic condition, adrenalectomized. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either high carbohydrate diet, high protein diet, or high fat diet with administration of aldosterone or corticsterone. Adrenalectomy of the rats reduced serum glucos, insulin, total cholesterol, and body weight in all types of diet feeding. In comparison with adrenalectomized control group, corticoste5rone-administered group showed significant increase of serum glucose when fed high fat diet or high protein diet ; however, aldosterone-administered group with high fat diet or high protein diet ; however, aldosterone-administered group with high hat diet showed significant decrease o serum glucose. Serum lipid was increased significantly in cortricosterone-administered group with feeding of high fat or high protein diet. There was no significant effects of aldosterone administeration on parameters determined in this study.