• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.23-36
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• 2000

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causative agent of a mosquito-borne encephalitis and is transmitted to human via persistently infected mosquito vectors. Although the virus is known to cause only acute infection, there were reports that showed neurological sequelae, latent infection in peripheral mononuclear cells, and recurrence of the disease after acute encephalitis. Innate resistance of certain cell lines, abnormal SN1 expression of the virus, and anti-apoptotic effect of cullular bcl-2 have been suggested as probable causes of JEV persistence even in the absence of defective interfering (DI) particles. Although possible involvement of DI particles in JEV persistence was suggested, neither has a direct evidence for DI presence nor its molecular characterization been made. Two questions asked in this study are whether the DI virus plays any role in JEV persistent infection if it is associated with and what type of change(s) can be made in persistently infected cells to avoid apoptosis even with the continuous virus replication, DI-free standard stock of JEV was infected in BHK-21, Vero, and SW13 cells and serial high multiplicity passages were performed in order to generate DI particles. There different-sized DI RNA species which were defective in both structural and nonstructural protein coding genes. Rescued ORFs of the DI genome maintained in-frame and the presence of replicative intermediate or replicative form RNA of the DI particles confirmed their replication competence. On the other hand, several clones with JEV persistent infection were established from the cells survived acute infections during the passages. Timing of the DI virus generation during the passages seemed coincide to the appearance of persistently infected cells. The DI RNAs were identified in most of persistently infected cells and were observed throughout the cell maintenance. One of the cloned cell line maintained the viral persistence without DI RNA coreplication. The cells with viral persistence released the reduced but continuous infectious JEV particle for up to 9 months and were refractory to homologous virus superinfection but not to heterologous challenges. Unlike the cells with acute infection these cells were devoid of characteristic DNA fragmentation and JEV-induced apoptosis with or without homologous superinfection. Therefore, the DI RNA generated during JEV undiluted serial passage on mammalian cells was shown to be biologically active and it seemed to be responsible, at least in part, for the establishment and maintenance of the JEV persistence in mammalian cells. Viral persistence without DI RNA coreplication, as in one of the cell clones, supports that JEV persistent infection could be maintained with or without the presence of DI particles. In addition, the fact that the cells with JEV persistence were resistant against homologous virus superinfection, but not against heterologous one, suggests that different viruses have their own and independent pathway for cytopathogenesis even if viral cytopathic effect could be converged to an apoptosis after all.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2001

Objectives: The most important differential point of follicular carcinoma from adenoma is capsular invasion or angioinvasion of follicular cells. Serial sections for examination of levels of tumor margins are necessary to watch the invasion. However, the interpretation of capsular invasion or angioinvasion is sometimes not feasible on the routine staining of tumor tissue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of expressions of $p27^{KIP1}$, MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53 in differential diagnosis of follicular adenoma and carcinoma. Materials and Methods: 16 cases of follicular carcinoma and 26 cases of follicular adenoma were entered on study of immunohistochemical stains for $p27^{KIP1}$, MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53. In carcinoma cases, correlation between the above markers, patient's age, tumor size, infiltration pattern and metastasis was studied. Results: $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index (LI) of follicular carcinoma and adenoma was $4.89{\pm}6.92$ and $14.52{\pm}9.17$, respectively, but there was no significant difference between adenoma and carcinoma (p=0.2560). MIB-1 LI of carcinoma and adenoma was $4.11{\pm}3.89$ and $0.80{\pm}0.75$, respectively, and MIB-1 LI was significantly higher in carcinoma (p=0.0000). bcl-2 expression was seen in 2(12.5%) of 16 carcinoma cases and 130(50.0%) of 26 adenoma cases, and bcl-2 expression rate was higher in adenoma than in carcinoma(p=0.014). In one adenoma and one carcinoma case, p53 expression was noted. In follicular adenoma with atypia compared to adenoma without atypia, lower $p27^{KIP1}$ LI, higher MIB-1 LI and lower bcl-2 expression rate were seen. In follicular carcinoma, MIB-1 LI was significantly higher in invasive carcinoma(p=0.045) and was relatively increased in tumors larger than 3.0cm, showing angioinvasion and distant metastasis. But $p27^{KIP1}$ LI was higher in cases over 40 years old(p=0.008) and with conspicuous capsular invasion. There were no positive correlations between expressions of MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53. Conclusion: MIB-1 labelling index and bcl-2 expression could be helpful for differential diagnosis of follicular adenoma and carcinoma, but p53 showed very low expression rate and no significance in differential diagnosis. $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index reveals decreasing tendency in carcinoma compared with adenoma, MIB-1 LI was considered as a poor prognostic marker in follicular carcinoma, but $p27^{KIP1}$ LI was higher in carcinoma cases over 40 years old with showing conspicuous capsular invasion. Further study for the significance of $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index in follicular neoplasms is necessary to evaluate diagnostic value of follicular carcinoma.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to find out whether acupuncture at various acupoints shows any effects on appetite by regulating neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus through the expression of NPY and LR in the PVN via immunohistochemistry. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups of five mice each. The rats in the acupuncture groups were treated with acupuncture at respective acupoints, twice per a day for 3 days. The animals were sacrificed 72 h after commencement of the experiment, the brains being dissected into serial coronal sections. Expressions of neuropeptide Y and leptin receptor in the hypothalamus were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results : NPY expression in the PVN was enhanced and LR expression in the PVN was decreased by food deprivation. NPY immunoreactivity in the PVN of the food-derived rats was decreased by acupuncture at the auricular acupoint, Zusanli-acupoint, a and non-acupoint. However, acupuncture at the auricular acupoint showed most potent suppressing effect on NPY expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. LR expression in the PVN decreased following food deprivation, and auricular acupuncture increased LR expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. In normal conditions (fed state), LR expression in the PVN was not changed by acupuncture treatment at several sites. Conclusions : From this study, we have shown that acupuncture at the auricular acupoint exerts the most potent appetite suppressing effect on the food restriction state.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2008

Purpose: This study evaluates the association of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR), Her-2, COX-2, and survivin with the clinicopathological features and outcomes in young Korean women with breast cancer using recently developed tissue microarray(TMA) technology. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 212 young patients with breast cancer diagnosed at the age of 45 years or younger from March 1994 to August 2005, were enrolled in this study. The age range of patients was $23{\sim}45$ years(median age, 39 years). The minimum and median follow-up periods were 24 months and 60 months, respectively. Serial sections of primary tumors were processed by the use of a TMA for immunohistochemical staining for five biomarkers. The correlation of these five biomarkers and the clinicopathological features and outcomes were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The majority of the patients were stage T1(90 patients) or T2(101 patients), and 105 patients(49.5%) had an axillary node metastasis. The 5-year overall and relapse free survival rates for all of the patients were 90.4% and 82.3%, respectively, and 36 patients had a locoregional or distant metastasis as a first event. Positive expression of ER, PR, Her-2, COX-2, and survivin was determined in 38.2%, 45.3%, 25.9%, 41.5%, and 43.4%, of the tumor samples, respectively. Tumor stage, nodal status, age, as well as expression of ER, PR, and HER-2 status were significantly associated with the disease free survival rate. Tumor stage, nodal status, as well as expression of ER, PR, and HER-2 were significantly related with the overall survival rate. Expression of COX-2 and survivin were not single independent prognostic factors for the disease free and overall survival rate although co-expression of HER-2 and COX-2 had a tendency as a poor prognostic factor. By multivariate analysis, only T stage and lymph node status were significant prognostic factors, and ER status was a marginally significant prognostic factor(p=0.075). Conclusion: Expression of ER, PR and HER-2 were significant prognostic factors for the relapse free and overall survival rate. Expression of COX-2 and survivin were not prognostic factors for young women with breast cancer.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.496-502
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• 2008

Cryparin, encoded as a single copy gene (Crp) of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, is the most abundant protein produced by this fungus. However, its accumulation is decreased remarkably in C. parastica strains containing the double-stranded (ds) RNA virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. To characterize the transcriptional regulatory element(s) for strong expression and viral regulation, promoter analysis was conducted. Serial deletion of the Crp promoter region resulted in a step-wise decrease in promoter activity, indicating a localized distribution of genetic elements in the cryparin promoter. Promoter analysis indicated two positive and a repressive cis-acting elements. Among them, the promoter region between nt -1,282 and -907 appeared to be necessary for hypoviral-mediated down-regulation. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) on the corresponding promoter region (-1,282/-907) indicated two regions at (-1,257/-1,158) and (-1,107/-1,008) with the characteristic AGGAGGA-N42-GAGAGGA and its inverted repeat TCCTCTC-N54-TCCTCCT, respectively, appeared to be specific binding sites for cellular factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2014

Creative thinking requires an ability to draw ideas on the given topic in a given time period with concentration. For this, the development process of design concept on the topic was collected through experiments and interviews targeting 10 fashion education experts and 10 clothing majors. After the analysis, the results are as follows: First of all, divergent thinking was done to find as many ideas and possibilities as possible at the step of expanding the topic by analogy. This showed characteristics of spreading thoughts through the spread of lexicon to professional field knowledge of learned, individual's cultural background, other art fields. Second, abstracted and designed words that are expanded and listed by the topic analogy were specified the topic gradually through the free combination method between lexicons. The sentences made by the combination of lexicons were interpreted through the serial listing method, in which the connection between sentences had the meaning of orderly cause and effect form, and the parallel listing method that treated information at once. Third, the few characteristics of the procedure that visualizing into the specific design are as follows. Firstly, the method to transform image that lexicon has into the one appropriate to the topic, the case that reflects external characteristics of selected designed word, and the case which reflects as the extrinsic expression of personal immanent and tactic desires. This study has its means to propose methods and directions to help create more creative and systematic ideas by analyzing the characteristics that appeared during the process of thinking language-oriented design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2003

Since it was first reported in 1997, somatic cell cloning has been demonstrated in several other mammalian species. On the mouse, it can be cloned from embryonic stem (ES) cells, fetus-derived cells, and adult-derived cells, both male and female. While cloning efficiencies range from 0 to 20%, rates of just 1-2% are typical (i.e. one or two live offspring per one hundred initial embryos). Recently, abnormalities in mice cloned from somatic cells have been reported, such as abnormal gene expression in embryo (Boiani et al., 2001, Bortvin et al., 2003), abnormal placenta (Wakayama and Yanagimachi 1999), obesity (Tamashiro et ai, 2000, 2002) or early death (Ogonuki et al., 2002). Such abnormalities notwithstanding, success in generating cloned offspring has opened new avenues of investigation and provides a valuable tool that basic research scientists have employed to study complex processes such as genomic reprogramming, imprinting and embryonic development. On the other hand, mouse ES cell lines can also be generated from adult somatic cells via nuclear transfer. These 'ntES cells' are capable of differentiation into an extensive variety of cell types in vitro, as well assperm and oocytes in vivo. Interestingly, the establish rate of ntES cell line from cloned blastocyst is much higher than the success rate of cloned mouse. It is also possible to make cloned mice from ntES cell nuclei as donor, but this serial nuclear transfer method could not improved the cloning efficiency. Might be ntES cell has both character between ES cell and somatic cell. A number of potential agricultural and clinical applications are also are being explored, including the reproductive cloning of farm animals and therapeutic cloning for human cell, tissue, and organ replacement. This talk seeks to describe both the relationship between nucleus donor cell type and cloning success rate, and methods for establishing ntES cell lines. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 1985

A Bacillus licheniformis ATCC31667 gene coding for a glucose isomerase has been cloned and expressed in glucose isomerase negative mutant of Escherichia coli. A recombinant plasmid, constructed by ligation of a EcoRI fragment of B.licheniformis chromosomal DNA to vector plasmid pBR322, was expressed glucose isomerase positive in E.coli LE392-6 with growth on minimal medium containing xylose as a sole carbon source. This recombinant plasmid, designated pBGI6, had the insery of 4.1Kb of Bacillus gene in EcoRI site, and restriction map of the plasmid was established. The plasmid pBG16 was very stable after 10days of serial transfer to a fresh medium. The activity of glucose isomerase from the transformed cell containing pBGI6 was increased about 20 fold than its wild type of host.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

Recently most of functional synthesis methods for quantum circuit realization have a tendency to adopt the declarative functional expression more suitable for computer algorithms, so it's difficult to analysis synthesized quantum functions. This paper presents a new functional representation of quantum circuits compatible with simple architecture and intuitive thinking. The proposal of this paper is a new functional synthesis development by using the control functions as the power of corresponding to affine-controlled quantum gates based on the mathematical substitution of serial-product matrix operation over the target line for the arithmetic and modulo-2 ones between power functions of unitary operators. The functional synthesis algorithm proposed in this paper is useful for the functional expressions and synthesis using both of reversible and irreversible affine-controlled NCV-quantum gates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.710-715
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• 2005

A novel recombinant baculovirus, Bactrus, was constructed by the insertion of the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene between two polyhedrin genes of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) under the control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. Polyhedra produced by Bactrus in insect cells were incorporated with 130 kDa of polyhedrin-Cry1Ac-polyhedrin fusion protein, and 30 kDa of intact polyhedrin, resulting from a homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes, was also expressed. The insecticidal activity of Bactrus against Spodoptera exigua larvae was similar to that of AcNPV, but it showed significantly higher toxicity towards Plutella xylostella larvae in comparison with that of AcNPV. The expression level of fusion protein and the insecticidal activity of recombinant polyhedra produced by the Bactrus against P. xylostella larvae were decreased after serial passages. In conclusion, the Bactrus had improved insecticidal activity and returned to wild-type AcNPV after several passages.