• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• 제146권
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• pp.137-162
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• 2018

Zen Psychology refers to the psychology of Zen Buddhism as a field of Buddhist psychology. This paper examines the psychology of human beings, focusing on the "Platform Sutra" written by Huineng, the founder of Patriarchal Zen, and the southern Zen school. According to the classification of Buddhist psychology, Zen psychology is divided into theory of Zen mind, theory of Zend mind function, and Zen psychotherapy. In theory of Zen mind, Huineng explains the mind based on self-nature, and explains the theory of dharma, theory of humanity, theory of dependent origination, and worldview though self-nature. Every human mind has its own original character of self-nature. When one's own mind with self-nature is revealed, it is the basic mind. When it is covered, it is the mind of common people. Self-nature is characterized by dharma construction, incompetence, non-naming, cleanliness, equality, and self-Buddhahood. In the theory of dharma, dharma is non-dual and is equal. The theory of humanity is divided into two groups according to the sharpness and dullness or capacity of the human being. From theory of dependent origination, you can see the mobility of cover and revealment, enlightment and delusion, sacred and common. In the worldview, the world and phenomena are the functions of self-nature and one's own mind. The theory of Zen mind function deals with wisdom and defilement of common people. The function of wisdom is to know the whole and one at the same time, and is intangible. Defilement of common people is an inner common people that cover the functions of wisdom. In Zen psychotherapy, in order to eliminate the gap between human and dharma, seeing into self-nature is suggested and the goal. In teleology, the goal is to reveal and see the self-nature covered by defilements. As a methodology from cover to revealment, Huineng interprets the traditional methodology as a new interpretation from the viewpoint of the mind, and presents Sammu as its own methodology. Based on the absence of attachment, Huineng proposed a methodology of No-abiding, No-thought and No-form, to gather mind on reality and treat all things equally. Based on this, Huineng proposed a new methodology for dealing with karma through repentance and vows, and a methodology for edification. In view of the Four Noble Truth, it is the phenomenon that self-nature is covered, the cause of defilement and the mind, the aim of seeing the self-nature which is covered, and the way of revealing the covered self-nature is presented. In this sense, the Zen Psychology of Platform Sutra is psychology of self-nature.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1976

This study attempted to measure personality changes in collegiate nursing students as a result of their psychiatric nursing practice. The study population consisted of 310 students in 8 colleges of nursing in Korea, 96 with psychiatric practice, 103 with other clinical practice and III without clinical practice experience. The objectives of the study were to identify: 1. The self-actualization scores of nursing students resulting from psychiatric nursing practice. 2. The self-actualization scores of nursing students resulting from other clinical nursing practice. 3. The difference between scores for students with clinical practice experience and those without experience. 4. The relevance between self-actualization and sibling order. 5. The relevance between self- actualization and religion. 6. The coefficiently scores for students before and after clinical practice. The instrument used was the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), developed by Shostrom. It provides a measure of values and behavior which are thought to be of importance in the development of self- actualization. The main findings of the study were as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in the Time Competence, Self Regard, and Nature of Man scales resulting from psychiatric nursing practice. 2. There was a significant difference in the Inner Directed, Existentialist, Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Nature of Man and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales resulting from other clinical nursing practice. 3. There was a significant difference in the Inner Directed, Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Self- Regard and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales between students with clinical practice and those without practice. 4. There was a significant difference in the Self-Acceptance scale for both the eldest and the youngest siblings. 5. There was a significant difference in the Time Competence, Inner Directed, Existentialist, Self-Acceptance and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales for middle and youngest siblings, 6. There was a significant difference in the Existentialist scale between students with a religion and those without one. 7. There was a significant difference for students without a religion in the Time Competence, Inner Directed, Self-Regard, Nature of Man, and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales after clinical practice. 8. There was a significant difference for students, with a religion in the Inner Directed, Existentialist, Spontaneity, and Nature of Man scales after clinical practice. 9. There was a significant difference for students in the Self- Actualizing value, Spontaneity, Nature of Man and Synergy scales according to whether their parents had a religion or not. 10. Before and after practice, significantly different correlations were found between the Time Competence and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales : the Inner Directed and Existentialist scales ; the Self- Actualizing Value and the Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales : the Feeling Reactivity and Acceptance of Aggression scales: the Spontaneity and the Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales; and between the Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.5-19
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-service early childhood teachers' self-expression and stress coping style on their human nature. More specifically, this study attempted to investigate how teachers' human nature, self-expression and stress coping style are correlated with another and determine how much human nature is influenced by the other variables, ultimately providing basic information necessary for improving the humanity of pre-service preschool teachers. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. First, correlations among pre-service early childhood teachers' self-expression, stress coping style and human nature were investigated to find that those teachers' human nature and self-expression have close relationships with each other and that the two variables are significantly related with their stress coping style. Second, the influences of pre-service preschool teachers' self-expression and stress coping style on their human nature were analyzed to find that the human nature of those teachers as a whole and some sub-areas of the variables like positive self-concept and human creativity have significant relationships with their self-expression and stress coping style. Finally, based on these findings, this study discussed how to establish and manage a curriculum that helps to improve the human nature of pre-service early childhood teachers of junior colleges. It also hopes to find effective ways to manage the department of education.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.347-357
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Nature-friendly program on children's Emotional Intelligence. The subjects of this study were two groups( experimental group and non experimental group). Each group consists of 30(8 years olds) elementary school children in Seoul. Examination of Emotional Intelligence was applied to determine the homogeneity of 2 groups. Experimental group received 10 Nature-friendly programs for 15 weeks from July 2004 to October 2004. After Nature-friendly programs ended, post examination of Emotional Intelligence was applied. The result of this research was as follow. When Nature-friendly programs was applied, there were significant differences in the degree of emotional intelligence in the experimental group. Children who were involved in nature-friendly program increased in emotional intelligence. Nature-friendly program was effective in the sub-factors of self-awareness, self-regulation, other-awareness, other-regulation of emotional intelligence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2004

Recently, park usage for environmental education has gained popularity in Seoul. Therefore this study was performed by analyzing the status and problems of nature classrooms in neighborhood parks and citizen's parks that are located in residential areas in Seoul, and then by suggesting improved methods and user programs. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) 18 out of 281 neighborhood parks and citizen's parks have nature classrooms in Seoul. Facilities of nature classroom are comprised of direction signs, plant name card, pond, pavilion, pergola, bench, green house, waste baskets, lighting, drinking fountain and others. However, they have many problems in terms of quality. Nature classrooms were classified into three types according to their location in each park. Among the three types, the most popular type was the one that is a part of a park A Total of 479 species of plant (155 species in tree, 324 species in herb) were planted in nature classrooms. There are many kinds of environmental education user programs, but these are not connected with the nature classrooms. Most nature education programs in nature classrooms were self-guided. 2) The Problems that appeared were the featureless place composition, a lack of programs related to nature classrooms, access restriction to certain natured areas, and so on. 3) Finally, this study suggests some solutions to the problems of nature classrooms in urban parks. The solutions include full access to the parks, the creation of diverse theme, and setting up interesting panel and leaflets in order to encourage more active self-guided education.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This research aims to study the general overview of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on cultivation mentioned in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 2. Methods: The theories concerning the covetous desire introduced in Dong-Mu's manuscripts, including "Gyukchigo 格致藁)", "Yougocho (遺稿抄)", "Dongmuyougo (東武遺稿)" and "Jaejungsinpyun (濟衆新編)", were comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the significance of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on self-cultivation were studied within the context of "Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Among the four covetous desires (selfishness (私心), indiscretion (放心), indolence(逸心), acquisitiveness (慾心)), selfishness and acquisitiveness are the interpersonal components that deal with the relationship between individuals, whereas indiscretion and indolence are the intra-personal or self-concerned components that deal with the internal desires within the individual. 2) In the early concepts on the quaternity explaining the perspective on the human being as introduced in Dongmu's earlier manuscripts, the four covetous desires are thought of as the most important etiological components, that are also intimately related to the theories of self-cultivation. 3) Among the concepts introduced in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)", viciousness (邪心) and negligence (怠心) are primary, intra-personal (self-concerned) desires that are henceforth matched to indiscretion and indolence, respectively, while selfishness (arrogance, assertiveness, indiscrimination and exaggeration (驕矜伐夸)) and acquisitiveness (violation, extravagance, slothfulness and stealthiness(奪侈懶竊)) are secondary, interpersonal desires. 4) 'Preserving the mind (存其心)' and 'rectifying the body (修其身)' are Methods of overcoming viciousness (indiscretion) and negligence (indolence), the intrapersonal desires, while 'nurturing the nature (養其性)' and 'propping the course (立其命)' are Methods of eliminating selfishness and acquisitiveness, the interpersonal desires, which ultimately each leads to the completion of Nature (性) and Conduct/Course (命).

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.237-264
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• 2011

Based on its geophysical feature, the island has long been recognized as a separate and self-sustaining space independent of neighboring continent or other islands. Literary tradition has used the island as a metaphor for a utopian alternative to mundane human society with its various kinds of wrongdoings. Recent nature writings have taken up this island metaphor to emphasize the wholeness of the ecosystem in specifically designated natural community or landscapes such as national parks or wilderness preservation areas. Human-nature relations as border-divided area is also recognized as the island. Modern island biogeography, however, has disproved such a concept of islands as autonomous, revealing the contrasting fact that the richness of species on an undisturbed island is determined largely by species immigration from and emigration to a source of colonists. This scientific finding has posited the island as the interconnected nature, but the public and metaphoric use of it still resorts to the old concept of it as isolated and autonomous nature, because this image has been ingrained deeply in our consciousness and culture. Considering the negative consequences from the recognition of nature and nature-humans as isolated space, we need a new nature metaphor that embodies interconnectedness in nature and of human-nature relations. Such feature of interconnectedness is best embedded in the concept of ecotone. Some ecotones are created and maintained through human participation in nature, and this human induced nature of ecotone denotes the possibilities of a constructive relation between them. The substitution of the island with the ecotone as the concept of nature and the image of human-nature relations is expected to correct ecocritical practices of reading of nature writing, which has been predominantly interpreted within the orientation of nature itself and nature-human relations as an isolated and self-autonomous island. Adopting the ecotone in literary study enables ecocriticism to dig out cultural elements embedded in nature writing and reveal socio-political, ideological factors hidden behind the writers' portrayal of nature as islands.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.27-38
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-actualization and demographic variables of adult women on the modesty and aethetics in the selection of clothes. The qestionnaire were completed by 647 women in taegu and jinju. The major findings of this research can be summairzed as follows : 1. Marital status has effect on the self-actualizing values. religion, occupation and income have effect on self-acceptance. Marital staus and religion have effect on nature of man. 2. Frequency of contact with mass media has effect on the modesty of clothing. Self-actualization and demographic variables have no direct effect on the modesty of clothing. 3. Self-actualizing values, self-acceptance, nature of man, income, frequency of contact with mass media have direct effect on the aethetics of clothing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.908-914
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• 2016

Both interests in nature-friendly education and demands for nature experience program are steadily increasing in children education field in korea. This study aims to find out that five-sense experience-activity with healing factors of forest can have an effect on both self-efficacy and respectful recognition of life of children. 5-year-old young children were chosen as the subjects for this study. Test group participated two times a week in the special forest class in a children education institute in Chungju oo-dong while control group did not. Both test group and control group were composed of 20 young children respectively and each group were 11 boys and 9 girls respectively. The five senses experience activity program was conducted two sessions a week from 8 August to 20 September in 2016 and each session was one hour (60 minutes) long. Five senses experience activity is an activity that young children awaken their five senses in the forest, recognize seasonal change with their five senses, build up their selves and become intimate with nature. Before and after the program self- efficacy test and respectful recognition of life test were conducted and the data was analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. The results indicated that after participating five senses experience activity program both children's self-efficacy which means having positive-thinking and self-confidence and respectful recognition of life which means valuing nature coexisting with nature were improved significantly(p<0.05). Through five senses experience activity young children felt nature freely and to their heart's content with their bodies and five senses experience activity had better positive impacts on children's self- efficacy and respectful recognition of life than classroom activities.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.943-974
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• 2012

This paper aims to suggest the compromising vision of nature and technology as the solution to get out of the globally accelerated technology environment in Don DeLillo's Cosmopolis. This novel intends to emphasize on the importance of physical environment as a precondition for the survival of human. Eric wants to be a posthuman with the cybernetic idea, pursuing to be the digital self in a vast biosphere that integrates both the nature and the technology. His obsessive worship of technology through his quest for the futurity results in the effacement of the humanity and the insulation from the nature. Cosmopolis is DeLillo's first 9/11 novel, which describes a young-billionaire asset manager Eric's one-day life in New York in April 2000. Eric can be the third Twin Tower as a symbol of global economic hegemony. By the allusion of the 9/11 catastrophic event, it can be said that Eric's fall is caused by his hubris and avarice as a global capitalist. Crossing the 47th Street toward the West in his limousine, his journey is revealed as the environmental reflections on his desires to attain the futurity and transcendence by technology. This novel cautions that the abuse of technology can bring out the obsolescence and erasure of the humanity and the nature. DeLillo suggests that the best hope for the evolutionary possibility of posthuman can be realized through the correlation with nature and technology. This future-oriented novel warns that the excessive technology should not lead to the disappearance of community and humanity, and the separation of self and nature. It admonishes that they should not follow pseudo-cosmopolitanism as the greedy world citizens, devoting on the velocity of newest technology. This novel recommends that humans should be the world citizen of global ecosystem, making the ameliorative environment through the correlation with self/environment and technology/nature, and gardening the restorative biosphere and the younger planet.