• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.118-133
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of motivation and self-activation on career effectiveness and employee satisfaction after completion of employee training programs of the chain hotel in China. Four hypotheses have been set for the study. The hypothesis 1 is the motivation by training programs will be positively influenced on career effectiveness. The hypothesis 2 is the motivation by training program will be positively influenced on employee satisfaction. The hypothesis 3 is self-activation after training will influence positively on career effectiveness. The hypothesis 4 is self-activation after training will be positively influenced employee satisfaction. The results shows that training programs cause positive effects on motivation(p-value 0.003) and self-activation(p-value 0.036) respectively. Also, self-activation after training influences positively on career effectiveness(p-value 0.000) and employee satisfaction(p-value 0.020). The results show that the training programs of the chain hotel in China have been implemented positively. The limitation of this study is that the training programs are analyzed as a whole not by individually.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1165-1172
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• 2007

Self/non-self discrimination and unresponsiveness to self is the fundamental properties of the immune system. Self-tolerance is a state in which the individual is incapable of developing an immune response to an individual's own antigens and it underlies the ability to remain tolerant of individual's own tissue components. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the tolerant state. They can be broadly classified into two groups: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Several mechanisms exist, some of which are shared between T cells and B cells. In central tolerance, the recognition of self-antigen by lymphocytes in bone marrow or thymus during development is required, resulting in receptor editing (revision), clonal deletion, anergy or generation of regulatory T cells. Not all self-reactive B or T cells are centrally purged from the repertoire. Additional mechanisms of peripheral tolerance are required, such as anergy, suppression, deletion or clonal ignorance. Tolerance is antigen specific. Generating and maintaining the self-tolerance for T cells and B cells are complex. Failure of self-tolerance results in immune responses against self-antigens. Such reactions are called autoimmunity and may give rise to autoimmune diseases. Development of autoimmune disease is affected by properties of the genes of the individual and the environment, both infectious and non-infectious. The host's genes affect its susceptibility to autoimmunity and the environmental factors promote the activation of self-reactive lymphocytes, developing the autoimmunity. The changes in participating antigens (epitope spreading), cells, cytokines or other inflammatory mediators contribute to the progress from initial activation to a chronic state of autoimmune diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1270-1273
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• 2004

The combination of methane-chemical activation and Self-propagating High-temperature synthesis (SHS) has widened the possibilities for both methods. For YBCO systems the investigation showed that a short-term mechano-chemical activation of initial powders before SHS leads to single-phase and ultra-fine products. A new technique for preparation ultra-fine high-temperature superconductors of YBCO composition with a grain size d < $1{\mu}m$ is developed. The specific feature of the technique is formation of the $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ crystalline lattice directly from an X-ray amorphous state arising as a result of mechanical activation of the original oxide mixture. The technique allows the stage of formation of any intermediate reaction products to be ruled out. X-ray and magnetic studies of ultra-fine high temperature superconductors (HTS) are carried out. Dimension effects associated with the microstructure peculiarities are revealed. A considerable enhancement of inter-grain critical currents is found to take place in the ultra-fine samples investigated.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.151-173
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents that impact on the individual knowledge sharing based on motivational perspectives. Specifically, the authors investigate the roles of general self-efficacy and popularity on knowledge sharing drawn on costly signaling theory and trait activation theory. Data from 227 pairs of employees and coworkers working in companies located in South Korea supported the model. General self-efficacy was positively related to knowledge sharing and popularity was positively associated to knowledge sharing. Also, by taking an interactional approach, our study demonstrated the moderating effect of popularity on the relationship between general self-efficacy and knowledge sharing. The positive relationship between general self-efficacy and knowledge sharing is significant when popularity is low, but not significant when popularity is high. Our findings suggest that the various motivation types including intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for knowledge sharing of individuals exist simultaneously and these motivations have an interactive effect on knowledge sharing.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-106
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• 2004

This study was conducted to explore how men's and women's self-construals do change according to gender-stereotype activation. The results showed that men have stronger gender-stereotypes and construe self more gender-stereotypic way than women. In general, women showed having less gender-stereotype but they construed self more stereotypic way. And the stereotype activation affected only on women to construe self less stereotypic way. Both men and women do accept physical appearance stereotypes more than other domains of gender-stereotype when they construe their selves. Gender-role stereotypes are more accepted by men than women, and gender-stereotypes of ability are more accepted by men but refused by women when stereotype was activated. And men accepted prescriptive gender-stereotype more than women. People of high gender-stereotype group construe self more stereotypic way than those of low stereotype group. But in low gender-stereotype group, women construe self less stereotypic way when stereotype is activated than when not. These results are taken to show, among others, that self-stereotyping of targets were different depending on whether the targets are man or woman, and that self stereotyping of an individual contributes to build a mechanism of maintaining gender-stereotype of a society to which he or she belongs.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.332-337
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• 2013

Recently, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), related to metallic and ceramic powder interactions, has attracted huge interest from more and more researchers, because it can provide an attractive, energy-efficient approach to the synthesis of simple and complex materials. The adiabatic temperature $T_{ad}$ and apparent activation energy analysis of different thermit systems plays an important role in thermodynamic studies on combustion synthesis. After establishing and verifying a mathematic calculation program for predicting adiabatic temperatures, based on the thermodynamic theory of combustion synthesis systems, the adiabatic temperatures of the NiO/Al aluminothermic system during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis were investigated. The effect of a diluting agent additive fraction on combustion velocity was studied. According to the simulation and experimental results, the apparent activation energy was estimated using the Arrhenius diagram of $ln(v/T_{ad}){\sim}/T_{ad}$ based on the combustion equation given by Merzhanov et al. When the temperature exceeds the boiling point of aluminum (2,790 K), the apparent activation energy of the NiO/Al aluminothermic system is $64{\pm}14$ kJ/mol. In contrast, below 2,790 K, the apparent activation energy is $189{\pm}15$ kJ/mol. The process of combustion contributed to the mass-transference of aluminum reactant of the burning compacts. The reliability of the simulation results was experimentally verified.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.78
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

The combination of mechano-chemical activation (MCA)and Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) has widened the technical possibilities for both methods. For YBCO systems the investigation showed that a short-term MCA of initial powders before SHS leads to single-phase and ultra-fine products. A new technique for preparation ultra-fine high-temperature superconductors (HTS) of YBCO composition with a grain size d <1m is developed using combination of MCA and SHS. The specific feature of the technique is formation of the $YBa_2Cu_3O_7-$ crystalline lattice directly from an X-ray amorphous state arising as a result of mechanical activation of the original oxide mixture. The technique allows the stage of formation of any intermediate reaction products to be ruled out. X-ray and magnetic studies of ultra-fine high temperature superconductors are carried out. Dimension effects associated with the microstructure peculiarities are revealed. A considerable enhancement of inter-grain critical currents is found to take place in the ultra-fine samples.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

This study was performed to improve the corrosion resistance and the stability of passive film on copper tube by potentiostatic polarization method in synthetic tap water. Formation of passive film was carried out by anodic potentiostatic polarization at various passivation potentials and passivation times in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Stability of passive film and corrosion resistance was evaluated by self-activation time, ${\tau}_0$ from passive state to active state on open-circuit state in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Addition of polyphosphate in NaOH solution prolonged the self-activation time and improved the corrosion resistance, and the addition of 5 ppm polyphosphate was most effective. It was also observed that better corrosion resistance was obtained by potentiostatic polarization at 1.0 V (vs. SCE) than at any other passivation potentials. Passivated copper tube showed perfect corrosion resistance for the immersion test in synthetic tap water showing that the anodic potentiostatic polarization treatment in 0.1 M NaOH with 5 ppm polyphosphate solution would be effective in improving the corrosion resistance and preventing the blue water problem.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.65-71
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to research the effect of a reflection journal on self motivated-learners' study. The learners were divided into experimental and control groups, we carried out the pre- and post- surveys, and compared the groups' academic achievements. As a result, their persistent learning, self-efficacy, learning attitude somewhat improved and their academic achievement as well.

• Carbon letters
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.295-298
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• 2014

In this work, nanoporous carbons (NPCs) were prepared by the self-assembly of polymeric carbon precursors and block copolymer template in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate and colloidal silica. The NPCs' pore structures and total pore volumes were analyzed by reference to $N_2$/77 K adsorption isotherms. The porosity and elemental mercury adsorption of NPCs were increased by activation with carbon dioxide. It could be resulted that elemental mercury adsorption ability of NPCs depended on their specific surface area and micropore fraction.