• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.106-110
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• 2007

USEPA 1605 방법을 이용하여 서울시 상수도계통에서 Aeromonas를 조사하였다. 2002년 7월부터 2003년 12월까지 매월 한강수계 하천수와 서울시 정수장에서 공급되는 정수, 수돗물에서 시료를 채취하였다. Aeromonas는 선택배지(ADA-V)를 사용하여 membrane 필터 표면에 성장한 노란색 집락을 계수하여 측정하였다. 하천수에서는 Aeromonas가 $1.0{\times}10^{0}-9.8{\times}10^{3}\;CFU/ml$의 농도로 검출되었으며, 정수에서는 검출되지 않았다. 수돗물에서는 141개 중 1개의 시료에서 1 CFU/500 ml의 농도로 검출되었다. 확인된 Aeromonas는 대부분 비병원성인 A. salmonicida(51%)였고, 이 외에도 A. caviae(4.7%), A. schubertti(3.4%), A. sobria(3.8%), A. hydrophila(2.1%), A ichithiosmia(0.4%)등이 동정되었다. A. salmonicida에 대한 염소 저항성을 평가한 결과, 0.2 mg/L 염소농도에서 30초 접촉 후, 99.99% (일부)가 제거되었다. USEPA 1605 방법에서 제시한 정도관리를 수행한 결과, 정도관리 허용기준을 만족하였다. 본 연구를 통해 서울시 상수도계통에서 Aeromonas에 대한 안전성이 확보되었다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2009

본 연구는 에드워드 내성 정도를 기준으로 선발된 넙치 친어를 이용하여 $4{\times}4$ 펙토리얼 교배를 통해 얻어진 16가계 넙치의 에드워드 인위 감염 결과를 이용하여 교배 그룹, 교배 암컷, 교배 수컷의 효과를 분석하였다. 내성 친어간의 교배에 의해 생산된 교배구(RR)의 내성 지수, 생존율, 생존 일수는 각각 17.98, 13.77%, 18.36일로 나타났으나, 민감 친어간의 교배에 의해 생산된 교배구(SS)는 각각 12.46, 2.71%, 12.40일로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서, 에드워드 질병내성 형질에 대한 가계간, 개체간 내성 정도의차이가 존재하는 것을 확인하였고, 인위 감염 결과를 이용하여 질병 저항성에 대한 선발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2000

Doxazosin, a postsynaptic selective ${\alpha}1-adrenoceptor$ antagonist, is a potent antihypertensive agent which reduces peripheral resistance and blood pressure by vasodilatation of peripheral vessels. It is also used in the treatment of urinary obstruction by benign prostatic hypertrophy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two doxazosin tablets, $Cardura^{TM}$ (Pfizer Korea Ltd.) and $Cardil^{TM};$ (Kyungdong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen normal male volunteers, $24.19{\pm}2.48$ years in age and $62.41{\pm}6.66$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 mg of doxazosin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of doxazosin in serum were determined with an HPLC method using spectrofluorometric detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were -1.54%, -1.51 % and 3.42%, respectively, when calculated against the $Cardura^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were all more than 99.00%. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)$ at ${\alpha}=0.05\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% (e.g., 12.73%, 12.84% and 13.01% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were all within :${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-8.97{\sim}5.90,\;-9.01{\sim}6.00\;and\;-4.16{\sim}11.05\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},\;respectively)$. All of the above para- meters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Cardil^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Cardura^{TM}$ tablet.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2018

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the changes of uptake around the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) according to 18F-FDG PET images in patients with head and neck cancer who underwent neck dissection. Materials & Methods: Retrospectively, the medical records of patients who received selective or comprehensive neck dissection were reviewed. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative 18F-FDG PET images, if available, were analyzed by nuclear medicine physicians in both qualitative and quantitative manners. Correlation between the changes of uptake around SCJ and perioperative data were statistically analyzed. Results: Thirty-seven patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Seven patients with increased uptake around SCJ on 1-year postoperative 18F-FDG PET showed a correlation with radical or comprehensive neck dissection, accessory nerve sacrifice, and high postoperative SUVmax. When 20 patients with increased uptake around SCJ according to quantitative measurement were compared with other patients without increased uptake, no parameter was significantly different, except postoperative SUVmax. Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the clinical symptom (shoulder or sternal pain) was significantly correlated with the extent of neck dissection (OR 0.227, CI 0.053-0.966, p=0.045) and spinal accessory nerve sacrifice (OR 13.500, CI 1.189-153.331, p=0.036). Conclusions: Increased uptake around SCJ on 1-year postoperative 18 F-FDG PET was correlated with either the radical or comprehensive procedure, as well as with accessory nerve sacrifice. This suggests that subjective analysis of 18F-FDG PET can be used to detect subclinical shoulder instability.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2014

Species belonging to the genus Fusarium are widely distributed and cause diseases in many plants. Isolation of fungal strains from air or cereals is necessary for disease forecasting, disease diagnosis, and population genetics [1]. Previously we showed that Fusarium species are resistant to toxoflavin produced by the bacterial rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae while other fungal genera are sensitive to the toxin, resulting in the development of a selective medium for Fusarium species using toxoflavin [2]. In this study, we have tried to elucidate the resistant mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and interaction between the two pathogens in nature. To test whether B. glumae affects the development of F. graminearum, the wild-type F. graminearum strains were incubated with either the bacterial strain or supernatant of the bacterial culture. Both conditions increased the conidial production five times more than when the fungus was incubated alone. While co-incubation resulted in dramatic increase of conidial production, conidia germination delayed by either the bacterial strain or supernatant. These results suggest that certain factors produced by B. glumae induce conidial production and delay conidial germination in F. graminearum. To identify genes related to toxoflavin resistance in F. graminearum, we screened the transcriptional factor mutant library previously generated in F. graminearum [3] and identified one mutant that is sensitive to toxoflavin. We analyzed transcriptomes of the wild-type strain and the mutant strain under either absence or presence of toxoflavin through RNAseq. Expression level of total genes of 13,820 was measured by reads per kilobase per million mapped reads (RPKM). Under the criteria with more than two-fold changes, 1,440 genes were upregulated and 1,267 genes were down-regulated in wild-type strain than mutant strain in response to toxoflavin treatment. A comparison of gene expression profiling between the wild type and mutant through gene ontology analysis showed that genes related to metabolic process and oxidation-reduction process were highly enriched in the mutant strain. The data analyses will focus on elucidating the resistance mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and the interaction between the two pathogens in rice. Further evolutionary history will be traced through figuring out the gene function in populations and in other filamentous fungi.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2000

Ondansetron is a potent, highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) receptor- antagonist, for the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiography, and the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ondansetron tablets, $Zofran^{TM}$, (Glaxo Wellcome Korea Ltd.) and Hana ondansetron (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers, $23.56{\pm}1.79$ year in age and $67.35{\pm}8.35\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 8 mg of ondansetron was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ondansetron in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were 7.53%, -0.23% and -3.92%, respectively when calculated against the $Zofran^{TM}$, tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were above 99.00%, above 99.00% and 84.99%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;{\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% (e.g., 12.25%, 10.88% and 18.37% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were all within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-0.70{\sim}15.76,\;-7.53{\sim}7.08\;and\;-16.27{\sim}8.42\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). All of the above parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Hana ondansetron tablet is bioequivalent to $Zofran^{TM}$, tablet.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2016

이 논문은 프랑스 대학입학제도의 주요 특징을 분석하고 우리나라의 대학입학제도 개선을 위한 시사점을 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 문헌연구 방법을 주된 연구방법으로 사용하였으며, 문헌 자료의 확인과 자료 분석 해석의 보완을 위해 면담조사를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 프랑스 대학입학제도의 주요 특징은 첫째, 프랑스에서 대학 진학을 위해서는 기본적으로 대학입학자격시험(바깔로레아)에 '합격'해야 한다. 바깔로레아는 고교졸업자격시험이자 대학입학자격시험이라는 이중적 성격을 갖고 있으며, 절대평가에 의해 합격 여부를 판정한다. 둘째, 학생 선발권이 없는 대학(모두 국립)은 개방입학제를 채택하고 있으며 학생 선발권이 있는 고등교육기관은 고교 내신 성적(20점 만점의 점수제), 지원서를 토대로 학생을 선발한다. 셋째, 대학별 시험은 학생을 선발하는 고등교육기관에 한해 제한적으로 실시되며 여러 전형요소 중 내신 성적이 가장 중시된다. 넷째, 대학지원은 정부가 운영하는 온라인 사이트(APB)를 통해 체계적으로 이루어지며, 대학지원 관련 다양한 정보가 제공된다. 프랑스 대학입학제도 분석을 통한 시사점으로 우리나라 대학수학능력시험의 성격 재검토(고교 졸업자격시험의 성격 강화), 학생의 부담, 진로를 고려한 시험체제 개발, 시험 출제 관리에서 고교 교사 역할 확대, 서술형 시험 확대 등을 제시하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2008

Fexofenadine, ($\pm$)-4-1-hydroxy-4-{4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1-piperidinyl}-butyl-a,a-dimethyl benzeneacetic acid, is a selective histamine $H_1$ receptor antagonist, and is clinically effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria as a first-line therapeutic agent. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two fexofenadine hydrochloride tablets, $Allegra^{(R)}$ (Handok Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Alecort (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of fexofenadine from the two fexofenadine hydrochloride formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, 25.62$\pm$3.35 years in age and 70.05$\pm$11.71 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2$\times$2 cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 120 mg as fexofenadine hydrochloride was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of fexofenadine in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The harmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Allegra^{(R)}$, were -1.37, 5.22 and 16.50% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.83$\sim$log 1.08 and log 0.81$\sim$log 1.03 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Alecort tablet was bioequivalent to $Allegra^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.379-396
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• 2021

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by brief, unilateral, sharp, stabbing, and shooting pain of the fifth cranial nerve. The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effect of medications compared to placebo in adult patients with TN. Methods: Review authors identified randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and EMBASE up to February 2021. We assessed the inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as the risk of bias of the studies based on the Cochrane Handbook. A total of 324 unduplicated references were scanned independently and reduced to eight relevant RCTs, with 89 patients included. Medications investigated included oral carbamazepine, subcutaneous sumatriptan, lidocaine (intranasal, 8% spray on the oral mucosa or intravenous), buprenorphine (ganglionic local opioid analgesia), and oral Nav1.7, a selective sodium channel blocker. Results: Meta-analyses showed that overall patients receiving lidocaine reported a significantly lower post-treatment intensity of pain -3.8 points on a 0-10 scale (95% Cl = -4.653 to -2.873; P < 0.001). Patients who received lidocaine were 8.62 times more likely to have pain improvement than patients on placebo (P < 0.001). In one RCT, patients receiving oral carbamazepine showed a significant improvement in pain intensity of -32% compared to the placebo (P < 0.001). In one trial, patients receiving 3 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan had a significantly lower intensity of pain on average -6.1 points on a scale of 0-10 compared to placebo (P < 0.001) and a significant improvement in pain intensity of -75% compared to the improvement in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Patients who received subcutaneous sumatriptan were 10 times more likely to have pain improvement than those who received placebo (P = 0.001) in one study. Due to the unclear/high risk of bias and small sample size, the quality of the evidence for lidocaine in the treatment of TN was low. Conclusion: Further studies are needed for carbamazepine, sumatriptan, buprenorphine, and oral Nav1.7 sodium channel blockers, as only one study reported outcomes.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2021

본 연구는 태권도장 관장이 대회용 태권체조 작품 구매 시 중요하게 고려하는 선택속성을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 질적 사례연구 방법을 사용하여 연구 참여자 6명에게 심층 인터뷰를 진행하였으며, Creswell(2015)의 나선형 분석방법으로 자료를 분석하였다. 자료 분석결과 음악, 수련생, 작품 특성, 대회평가 기준, 제작자 능력, 가격요인이 도출되었다. 연구결과 음악은 다양하고 차별화된 장르와, 수련대상이 선호하는 음악 위주로 제작하여야 할 것이며, 수련대상의 표현력, 수준 등을 고려하여 알맞은 주제의 작품을 선택하여야 할 것이다. 작품은 다양한 장르로 포인트가 될 수 있는 안무가 가미된 태권도 동작이나 댄스 등의 동작 비율 구성이 조화롭고 창의적인 작품에 대해 고려해야 할 것이며, 구매자 목적에 맞게 작품의 길이를 조절하여 대회 규정 위주로 작품 구성을 해야 할 것이다. 제작자는 지도능력 및 대회 현장에서 지도했던 경험과 구매자와의 소통이 원활하게 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 작품 가격은 저렴하면서 적당한 가격을 제시해야 할 것이며, 소수의 구매자를 위한 특별가격 혹은 지도 기간에 따라 가격을 산출해야 할 것이다.