• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.485-489
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• 2012

We investigated vanadium (V) loading effects on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity and $SO_2$ resistance using commercial SCR catalysts applied on a power plant and incinerator with different amounts of V loading. These catalysts were characterized using XRD, Raman, ICP, BET analysis and found to contain $TiO_2$ (anatase) supported $V_2O_5$ added $WO_3$ and $SiO_2$. The SCR activity of the catalysts increased by increasing either the $V_2O_5$ or the $WO_3$ loading amounts; the SCR activity of the catalysts added $WO_3$ is higher than that of $WO_3$-free catalysts. As the V loading amount in the catalyst increased, the $SO_2$ durability decreased. The $V_2O_5$ supported $TiO_2$ catalyst added $WO_3$ and $SiO_2$ inhibits the deactivation process by $SO_2$. The $SO_2$ resistance of catalysts added $SiO_2$ is higher than that of catalysts added $WO_3$.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.65-73
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• 2012

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) catalysts are obtained from de-NOx system of thermoelectric power plant. A process was developed for valuable metals such as vanadium and tungsten recovery from spent SCR catalyst by using soda roasting followed by water leaching. Spent SCR catalyst having $V_2O_5$(1.23 mass %) and $WO_3$(7.73 mass %). For getting soluble metal forms of the targeted metals like vanadium and tungsten soda roasting process was implemented. In soda roasting process, sodium carbonate added 5 equivalent ratio at roasted temperature $850^{\circ}C$ with 120 min roasted time for $544{\mu}m$ particle size of spent SCR catalyst. After soda roasting process moved to water leaching for roasted spent catalyst. Before leaching process the roasted spent catalyst was grinded up to $-45{\mu}m$ size. The leaching time is 30 min at $40^{\circ}C$ temperature, 10 % pulp density. The final leaching efficiency obtained 46 % of vanadium and 92 % of tungsten from present process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.599-606
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• 2021

In this study, an experiment and a reaction characteristic study were conducted to enhance the reaction activity of V₂O₅/WO₃/TiO₂ at 300 ℃ or less by adding selenium to the support, in a selective catalytic reduction method using ammonia as a reducing agent to remove nitrogen oxides. Se-TiO₂ and TiO₂ were synthesized using the sol-gel method, and used as a support when preparing V₂O₅/WO₃/TiO₂ and V₂O₅/WO₃/Se-TiO₂ catalysts. The reaction activity of our catalyst was compared with that of a commercial catalyst. The denitration efficiency of the catalyst using TiO₂ prepared by the sol-gel method was lower than that of the catalyst prepared using commercial TiO₂, but was improved by the addition of selenium. Thus, the effect of selenium addition on the catalyst structure was analyzed using BET, XRD, Raman, H₂-TPR, and FT-IR measurements and the effect of the increase in specific surface area by selenium addition and the formation of monomer and complex vanadium species on reaction characteristics were confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.496-507
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• 2022

For the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH₃-SCR), a V₂O₅WO₃/TiO₂ (VW/nTi) catalyst was prepared using V₂O₅ and WO₃ on a nanodispersed TiO₂ (nTi) support by simple impregnation process. The nTi support was dispersed for 0~3 hrs under controlled bead-milling in ethanol. The average particle size (D₅₀) of nTi was reduced from 582 nm to 93 nm depending on the milling time. The NOx activity of these catalysts with maximum temperature shift was influenced by the dispersion of the TiO₂. For the V_0.5W₂/nTi-0h catalyst, prepared with 582 nm nTi-0h before milling, the decomposition temperature with over 94 % NOx conversion had a narrow temperature window, within the range of 365-391 ℃. Similarly, the V_0.5W₂/nTi-2h catalyst, prepared with 107 nm nTi-2h bead-milled for 2hrs, showed a broad temperature window in the range of 358~450 ℃. However, the V_0.5W₂/Ti catalyst (D₅₀ = 2.4 ㎛, aqueous, without milling) was observed at 325-385 ℃. Our results could pave the way for the production of effective NOx decomposition catalysts with a higher temperature range. This approach is also better at facilitating the dispersion on the support material. NH₃-TPD, H₂-TPR, FT-IR, and XPS were used to investigate the role of nTi in the DeNOx catalyst.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2022

The flow pattern at the inlet of the catalyst layer in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is one of the key parameters influencing the performance of the denitrification process. In the curved diffusing parts between the ammonia injection grids and the catalyst layers, guide vanes are installed to improve flow uniformity. In the present study, a numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the effect of the geometrical configuration of the guide vanes on the aerodynamic characteristics of a denitrification facility. This application has been made to the existing SCR process in a large-scaled coal-fired power plant. The flow domain to be solved covers the whole region of the flow passages from the exit of the ammonia injection gun to the exit of the catalyst layers. ANSYS-Fluent was used to calculate the three-dimensional steady viscous flow fields with the proper turbulence model fitted to the flow characteristics. The root mean square of velocity and the pressure drop inside the flow passages were chosen as the key performance parameters. Four types of guides vanes were proposed to improve the flow quality compared to the current configuration. The numerical results showed that the type 4 configuration was the most effective at improving the aerodynamic performance in terms of flow uniformity and pressure loss.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Research, such as developing alternative energy in the transportation field, including aviation, is being actively conducted to solve the issue of current climate change. Interest in ammonia fuel as a carbon free energy (CFE) source is increasing due to the ease of liquefaction and transportation and similarity in energy density to that of methanol. However, explosiveness and toxicity of ammonia make it difficult to handle. Therefore, in this study, stable ammonia production was attempted using relatively easy-to-handle urea water solution (UWS). High temperature steam was used to promote the hydrolysis of ammonia. In order to determine the causes for ammonia production below the theoretical equivalent ratio, it was suggested that there were not enough collisions to promote the hydrolysis based on the kinetic theory of gases. The hydrolysis of unreacted isocyanic acid (HNCO) was tested according to the change in water supply. As a result, an increased amount of ammonia produced was confirmed. The increased amount of ammonia produced in a certain section was dependent on the steam temperature and the flow rate of water supplied.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

NO oxidation is an important prerequisite step to assist the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at low temperatures ($<200^{\circ}C$). Therefore, we conducted the lab- and bench-scales experiments appling the sodium chlorite powder ($NaClO_2(s)$) for the oxidation of NO to $NO_2$ and the carbon-based catalyst for the reduction of $NO_x$ and $SO_2$; the lab- and bench-scales experiments were conducted in laboratory and iron-ore sintering plant, respectively. In the lab-scale experiment, known concentrations of $NO_x$ (200 ppm), $SO_2$ (75 ppm), $H_2O$ (10%) and $NH_3$ (400 ppm) in 2.6 L/min were introduced into a packed-bed reactor containing $NaClO_2(s)$, then gases produced by the reaction with $NaClO_2(s)$ were fed into the carbon-based catalyst (space velocity = $2,000hr^{-1}$) at $130^{\circ}C$. In the bench-scale experiment, flue gases of $50Nm^3/hr$ containing 120 ppm NO and 150 ppm $SO_2$ were taken out from the duct of iron-ore sintering plant, then introduced into the flow reactor; $NaClO_2(s)$ were injected into the flow reactor using a screw feeder. Gases produced by the reaction with $NaClO_2(s)$ were introduced into the carbon-based catalyst (space velocity = $1,000hr^{-1}$). Results have shown that, in both lab- and bench-scales experiments, NO was oxidized to $NO_2$ by $NaClO_2(s)$. In addition, above 90% of $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ removal were obtained at the carbon-based catalyst. These results lead us to suggest that the combination of $NaClO_2(s)$ with the carbon-based catalyst has the potential to achieve the simultaneous removal of $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ at low temperature ($<200^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2018

The policy-making and technological development of eco-friendly automobiles designed to increase their supply is ongoing, but the internal combustion engine still accounts for about 95% of the automobiles in use. Also, in order to meet the stricter emission regulations of internal combustion engines based on fossil fuels, the proportion of after-treatments for vehicles and (ocean going) vessels is gradually increasing. Natural gas is a clean fuel that emits few air pollutants and has been used mainly as a fuel for city buses. In the long term, we intend to develop a new NGOC/LNT+NGCO/SCR combined system that simultaneously reduces the toxic gases, $CH_4$ and NOx, emitted from CNG buses. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of $de-CH_4/NOx$ according to the ceramic and metal substrates of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) catalysts mounted downstream of the combined system. The V and Cu-SCR catalysts did not affect the $CH_4$ oxidation reaction, the two NGOC/SCR catalysts each coated with two layers began to oxidize $CH_4$ at $400^{\circ}C$, and the amount of $CH_4$ emitted was reduced to about 20% of its initial value at about $550^{\circ}C$. The two NGOC/SCR catalysts each coated with two layers showed a negative (-) NOx conversion rate above $350^{\circ}C$. The ceramic-based combined system reached LOT50 at $500^{\circ}C$, which was about 20% higher in terms of the $CH_4$ conversion rate than the metal-based combined system, showing that the combined system of NGOC/LNT+Cu-SCR is a suitable combination.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2020

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has been a promising technology to reduce the air pollution caused by nitrogen oxides (NOx) in several industries. The consumption of SCR catalysts increases every year as technology evolves, however those have a limited lifespan and usually end up in landfills after they deactivate. Currently, the most widely used catalyst for and stationary applications is V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ which can contain around 50% wt V₂O₅ and 7-10% wt of WO₃. The vast uses for both vanadium and tungsten and the worldwide interest in recycling methods that allow for the extraction of metals from secondary sources represent the major motivation for this research. The extraction time, pH dependency, extraction concentration studies were carried out using Aliquat 336 in exxol D80 as the extractant. It was determined that to optimize the extraction of both metals 30min of contact time with an organic phase containing 0.5mol/L of Aliquat 336 are needed at a slightly acidic pH (~5.0). In addition, counter McCabe-Thiele studies allowed us to determine that one stage is necessary for the removal of 99% of vanadium while 2 stages are necessary for the extraction of tungsten and counter current simulations proved that the theoretical approach was correct.