• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1673-1688
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• 2016

Gyeonghuigung palace is an important site as it was the secondary palace in Hanyang from the $17^{th}$ century to the mid-$19^{th}$ century. Its original state was lost because a number of buildings were damaged and the palace area was reduced. The entire palace can be seen only in "Seogwoldoan" a drawing of the western palace. With "Seogwoldoan" to show the complete configuration of Gyeonghuigung palace in detail as the main data and other relevant data used as supplementary sources, the aim of this work was to identify the figurative features around the plantings and the space configuration of the royal garden in Gyeonghuigung palace. The space configuration observed in the royal gardens in Gyeonghuigung palace deviated from the norms and strict systems of royal palaces. The free and uninhibited configuration of the royal garden was allowed in Gyeonghuigung palace because it was built as a secondary palace in a lower hierarchy. Furthermore, a royal garden characterized by unique and unlimited planting was created, with several spaces acting as both royal garden and rear garden as the rear gardens could not be separately configured due to the narrow space of Gyeonghuigung palace.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.130-145
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• 2019

The palaces in South Korea are largely divided into primary palaces (法宮) and secondary palaces (離宮). In the early Joseon period, the primary palace was Gyeongbokgung Palace, and the secondary palace was Changdeokgung Palace. Additionally, there is the concept of imperial palaces (正宮). Gyeongbokgung Palace was the primary palace and the imperial palace. The topography of Gyeongbokgung is based on Mt. Baegak, which is the symbol of royal authority. The location of the palaces was chosen to highlight the king's dignity and authority. The three gates and three courts (三門三朝) were positioned on a straight line based on one axis along the ridge of Mt. Baegak to establish the legitimacy, hierarchy, and unity of the kingship. The secondary palace was built according to the demands of the king and the royal family or the political situation. It was created as a royal living space; thus, creating independent and diverse spaces along multiple axes. The primary palace was chosen to be built on the terrain of Yang, and the secondary palace was chosen to be built on the terrain of Yin; the criteria for laying buildings in the palace areas had to be different. The most important point in the formation of Joseon palaces was that the secret vital energy for the king (王氣) originated from the sacred mountain. Important elements of the palace were the secret vital energy chain of feng shui (風水氣脈) and the forbidden stream (禁川). The secret vital energy chain of feng shui was the gateway to the secret vital energy for the king, and the forbidden stream was a method of preventing the king from leaving the palace grounds. Gyeongbokgung Palace, which is on typical feng shui terrain, faithfully reflects the principles of feng shui. On the other hand, the secondary palace was built on incomplete and irregular feng shui terrain. Feng shui was part of the nature and the geography of the ruling classes in the Joseon Dynasty. By examining their geography, I believe that the perfection of traditional culture inheritance and restoration can be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The ancient North-East Asian royal garden is divided into three types, located in the north inside the palace, in the north outside the palace, and in the south inside or outside the palace, depending on the location relationship between the royal capital and the royal palace. The first is a typical royal garden that follows the ancient Chinese court system of the Chao-hu-chim(前朝後寢). The second is a royal garden located independently of the royal palace, which extends to Geumwon(禁苑). The third is located in the south of royal palace and is the royal garden specialized in Yurak(遊樂) or Hyangyeon(饗宴). The types of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens are classified according to the relationship between main palace(正宮) and secondary palace(別宮), detached palace(離宮), and Geumwon(禁苑), and each has unique characteristics. The first has been established as the garden of the main palace, including the royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟), Han Chang'an capital(漢 長安城), BeiWei Luoyang capital(北魏 洛陽城), Jiankang capital in Southern Dynasties(南朝 建康城), and Daminggong(大明宮) in Tang Dynasty. Here, the royal garden is divided into Naewon(內苑) inside the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑), outside the royal palace. On the other hand, the second is the royal garden that the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑) are united. The third is the royal garden that forms part of the royal palace or is independent of the royal palace, and has been specialized as a secondary palace(別宮) and detached palace(離宮). China created the model of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens, and based on this, Baekje, Silla, and Japan of Korea influenced each other and developed a unique palace by showing their originality. The royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟) was influenced by royal gardens of Wei-Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝). And royal gardens of the Sabi Capital(泗沘都城) were influenced by royal gardens of Jin(秦), Han(漢), Sui(隋), and Tang(唐), and royal gardens of Silla(新羅) were influenced by the royal gardens of Baekje(百濟) and Silla. However, each of these royal gardens also has its own unique characteristics. From this aspect, it can be seen that the ancient North-East Asian court had different lineages depending on the region. Anhakgung Palace in Pyongyang(平壤 安鶴宮) is more likely to be viewed as the Three Kingdoms period than the Goryeo Dynasty. However, it is difficult to raise it to the 5th and 6th centuries due to the overlapping relationship and relics of the lower part of Anhakgung Palace(安鶴宮), and it is generally presumed to be the middle of the 7th century. The royal garden at Anhakgung Palace is a secondary palace(別宮) or detached palace(離宮) that corresponds to the palace of Jang-an capital(長安城) in Pyongyang and is believed to have influenced Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) and Donggung(東宮) and Wolji(月池) in Gyeongju. From this point of view, Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) seems to be related to the palaces of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This study has many limitations as it focuses on its characteristics and transitions due to the location of the palace in the large framework of ancient North-East Asian royal capital. If these limitations are resolved little by little, it is expected that the understanding of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens will be much wider.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.7-18
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• 2012

This study was aimed at analyzing the location and topology of the 'Gungmyo(宮廟)' and in Hanyang Doseong(漢陽都城) during 18th and 19th century. Based on the changes of royal processions(行幸) which had been done between the Gungmyo and the Palace, the Gungmyo can be a barometer of cognition where the city center was. Hanyang Doseong was the the capital of Joseon(朝鮮) which had established by king Taejo(太祖). The city had been organized with Gyeongbok-gung(景福宮) as the center. However, after the Imjin War(1592), Gyeongbok-gung was destroyed and urban space was reorganized with Changduk-gung(昌德宮) which reconstructed first. As most kings in late Joseon dynasty had mainly stayed in Changduk-gung, lots of Gungmyos where a memorial service for king's relatives had been held were established in and around the palace and the frequency of visiting the Gungmyo varied by political purpose. Therefore, the location of the Gungmyo and the rounte of parade were important to impress on the center of urban space. In 18th century, lots of King's procession had been done with Changduk-gung as departure point. The king used to start from Donwha-mun(敦化門), and the routes included main street around Changduk-gung. It shows that the urban center focused on the east of the city. On the other hand, when the king lived in Kyeonghee-gung(慶熙宮), a secondary palace in late Joseon dynasty, the parade started from Hungwha-mun(興化門) and the urban center was expended to the west. Since Gyeongbok-gung had reconstructed in 1865, recognition scheme of urban space had changed from Changduk-gung to Gyeongbok-gung as the center. When the Gungmyo relocated western side of Gyeongbok-gung, spatial proximity of the palace and relation with facilities around downtown fed into changing the route of king's parade.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.170-193
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• 2021

In this article, I examine the transformation of the Iksan Royal Palace into a temple. And it was considered to mean a change in the way Iksan was managed by Baekje. The Iksan Royal Palace was converted into a temple between the establishment of Mireuksa Temple and Stone Pagoda. As a result, the transfer of the capital to Iksan was not achieved, and Iksan was transformed into a temple-centered city. In connection with this, the need to re-establishment the urban system in Sabi was increased, as it suffered a great flood in the Muwang era. As a result, the scope of the royal palace was expanded, the secondary palace was built, and the urban district was expanded throughout the capital city. It is presumed that King Mu gave a divine nature to Iksan and discriminated against Sabi. Accordingly, it is believed that the King Mu or King Uija stopped developing the city in Iksan and focused on the rearrangement of Sabi.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.211-225
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• 2018

The Stupa of the State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsaji temple site in Wonju (National Treasure No. 101) was built in the Goryeo Period (around the 11th century), with very excellent style and techniques. It was returned to the Korea after being taken to Osaka of Japan without notice in 1912, and was severely damaged during the Korean War. Subsequently, the Stupa was restored using restoration materials like mortar, and relocated to the National Palace Museum of Korea. Surface contaminants in the Stupa primarily existed around the restoration materials. Black discoloration, which indicates a high discoloration grade, signified a high possession rate in the north and inner regions of the Stupa, which may be related to the relative moisture maintenance time. Most surface contaminants were calcite and gypsum; the black discoloration area underwent secondary discoloration due to air pollution. Moreover, the stone properties exhibited a relatively low discoloration grade, exhibiting crystallized contaminants that partly covered the rock-forming minerals. Overall, the Stupa deteriorated due to discoloration and being covered by lime materials, which were dissolved as the mortar degraded. Hence, it required contaminants removal, surface cleaning and desalination during conservation treatment, in order to control the rate of physicochemical deterioration by contaminants.