• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2006

Methanolic and aqueous extracts from 37 seaweed species (10 green and 27 brown seaweeds) collected from Jeju Island coast were prepared at high ($70^{\circ}C$) and room ($20^{\circ}C$) temperatures and examined for cytotoxic activity against 4 tumor cell lines: U937 (human monoblastoid leukemia cell line), HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell line), HeLa (woman cervical carcinoma cell line) and CT26 (mouse colon carcinoma line). Both MeOH extracts of Desmarestia tabacoides and Dictyota dichotoma possessed strong cytotoxic activities against all the tumor cell lines tested, but the aqueous extract exhibited no activity. On the other hand Ecklonia cava showed strong cytotoxic activities for the $20^{\circ}C$ aqueous extract against the three tumor cells except HeLa cell. Sagassum coreanum and Sagassum siliquastrum $20^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts also exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against U937, HL60, HeLa cells. Even though green seaweeds showed less activity than brown seaweeds, $20^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts of Codium contractum and Codium fragile exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HL60 or CT26 cells, respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.251-260
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta in Jeju Island were measured by superoxide anion ($O_2^{{\cdot}-}$), hydroxyl radical ($HO^{\cdot}$), hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the seaweeds were prepared at both temperatures, higher (70$^{\circ}C$) and room temperature (20$^{\circ}C$), and screened for the construction of an extract bank from seaweeds in Jeju Island. A variety of extracts showed positive effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Especially, Sargassum thunbergii methanolic extract at 70$^{\circ}C$ (70ME, 97.41%), S. fulvellum methanolic extract at 20$^{\circ}C$ (20ME, 84.66%), Codium fragile aqueous extract at 70$^{\circ}C$ (70AE, 96.61%) and S. thunbergii 20ME (97.44%) exhibited the highest scavenging activities against $O_2^{{\cdot}-}$, $HO^{\cdot}$, $H_2O_2$ and DPPH free radicals, respectively. Total phenolic contents also examined but did not show a positive correlation with ROS scavenging abilities (except for a few extracts). These results indicate that further investigation is needed to identify and purify the responsible antioxidative components.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.990-998
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and potential inhibitory effects from four types of edible domestic brown seaweeds, Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Laminaria japonica (LJ), Sargassum fulvellum (SF), and Hizikia fusiforme (HF), on preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cell line. Water and ethanol extracts from the four types of seaweeds were prepared and tested for cell viability in the 3T3-L1 cell line by using MTT assay. In addition, various doses of the water extract of seaweeds (WES) and ethanol extract of seaweeds (EES) were treated at the beginning of 3T3-L1 differentiation and continued until the cells were fully differentiated to adipocytes. Oil Red-O staining was performed to determine the potential cell differentiation inhibitory effects of the WES and EES by measuring the levels of lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced by WESs of UP, LJ, and HF as well as EESs of LJ and HF. As a result, we observed the superior cell differentiation inhibitory effects of WES compared to that of EES in a dose-dependent manner without any significant cytotoxicity in mouse adipocytes.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of a microbial fermentation procedure to improve the functional qualities of seaweeds. Aspergillus oryzae, which has been used in traditional Korean fermented foods, was inoculated and cultivated in an aqueous extract of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica). Fermentation of the sea tangle extract by A. oryzae for 4 days resulted in a 3-fold increase in $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. GABA is known to be a bioactive compound. Fungal fermentation of the extract also enhanced its antioxidant activity and increased its total content of phenolic compounds. It was assumed that these changes stemmed from the biodegradation of active compounds of the sea tangle packaged within its rigid structural matrix or occurred as result of fungal fermentation. These results suggested that the application of microbial fermentation to the processing of seaweeds will help in the development of processed foods to meet consumer demands.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.460-467
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of Hizikia fusiforme, Capsosiphon fulvescens, and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll on the antioxidant and inhibitory potentials against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes of a commercial vegetable extract. The nutritional quality and mineral concentration of a vegetable extract with seaweeds added were also analyzed. The addition levels of seaweed did not influence the proximate composition, whereas the calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron concentrations significantly increased at the 5% Hizikia fusiforme and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll addition levels. The 20% Hizikia fusiforme addition level significantly increased the total phenolic content and reducing power by 47.08% and 16.82%. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of the vegetable extract was not strengthened with the addition of seaweeds. The DPPH radical scavenging activity at the 20% Hizikia fusiforme, Capsosiphon fulvescens, and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll addition levels significantly increased by 27.47%, 22.25%, and 17.27%, respectively. The vegetable extract with seaweeds added showed higher-level ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activities, accompanied by relatively weaker ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition activity. In particular, at the 5% Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll addition level, the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity was significantly inhibited by 98.26%. Overall, the results showed that the incorporation of seaweeds into a vegetable extract effectively increased the mineral concentration and improved the antioxidant and inhibitory abilities of the extract on key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.377-385
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Abundant consumption of seaweeds in the diet is epidemiologically linked to the reduction in risk of developing cancer. In larger cases, however, identification of particular seaweeds that are accountable for these effects is still lacking, hindering the recognition of competent dietary-based chemo preventive approaches. The aim of this research was to establish the antiproliferative potency and angiosuppressive mode of action of Stoechospermum marginatum seaweed methanolic extract using various experimental models. MATERIALS/METHODS: Among the 15 seaweeds screened for antiproliferative activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cell line, Stoechospermum marginatum extract (SME) was found to be the most promising. Therefore, it was further investigated for its anti-proliferative activity in-vitro against choriocarcinoma (BeWo) and non-transformed Human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, and for its anti-migratory/tube formation activity against HUVEC cells in-vitro. Subsequently, the angiosuppressive activity of S. marginatum was established by inhibition of angiogenesis in in-vivo (peritoneal angiogenesis and chorioallantoic membrane assay) and ex-vivo (rat cornea assay) models. RESULTS: Most brown seaweed extracts inhibited the proliferation of EAT cells, while green and red seaweed extracts were much less effective. According to the results, SME selectively inhibited proliferation of BeWo cells in-vitro in a dose-dependent manner, but had a lesser effect on HEK 293 cells. SME also suppressed the migration and tube formation of HUVEC cells in-vitro. In addition, SME was able to suppress VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the chorio allantoic membrane, rat cornea, and tumor induced angiogenesis in the peritoneum of EAT bearing mice. A decrease in the microvessel density count and CD31 antigen staining of treated mice peritoneum provided further evidence of its angiosuppressive activity. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the data underline that VEGF mediated angiogenesis is the target for the angiosuppressive action of SME and could potentially be useful in cancer prevention or treatment involving stimulated angiogenesis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3081-3088
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• 2013

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were determined in the water and ethanol extracts from six species of edible seaweeds, Phaeophyceae (Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiformis and Undaria pinnatifida), Rhodophyceae (Porphyra tenera and Gracilaria verrucosa) and Chlorophyceae (Ulva lactuca). The highest extraction yield was observed in water extract (pH 8.0) of G. verrucosa (44.23 %) and phenolic content was the highest in ethanolic (75 %) extract of H. fusiformis (52.82 ${\mu}g/mg$). 25 % ethanolic extract from U. lactuca was found to have the highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity(19.29 %) and superoxide anion scavenging activitiy was higher in water extract (pH 8.0) from H. fusiformis (81.20 %) than that other seaweeds. Phenolic contents were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity in the six edible seaweeds extracts ($R^2$=0.852). Taken together, these results indicate that H fusiformis may be a excellent source for development of natural antioxidants.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of 5 common edible seaweeds in Korea, three brown algae (seaweed fusiforme, sea mustard, sea tangle), one green algae (sea lettuce) and one red algae (laver), were examined. The antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from these seaweeds were examined by measuring of inhibition rates against iron-induced linoleate peroxidation, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl) radical generation and MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation. Sea lettuce ethanol extract showed the strongest anti-oxidative activity among them, especially in inhibition against conjugation of lipid peroxide and protein. Second to sea lettuce, laver and sea tangle ethanol extracts showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibition against MDA-BSA conjugation. However, seaweed fusiforme and sea mustard ethanol extracts did not show antioxidative activities. Sea mustard contained the highest total flavonoids (11.33 mg/g dry wt) and sea lettuce contained the highest total polyphenol (8.97 mg/g dry wt) among these seaweeds. In addition, there was strong positive correlation between the antioxidative activity and total polyphenol content in these seaweeds, suggesting polyphenol compounds may contribute to antioxidative effect of seaweeds. From these data, it is suggested to consume much of seaweeds such as sea lettuce, laver and sea tangle to prevent age-related chronic diseases, and also develope neutraceutical products using polyphenol rich fraction from sea lettuce.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2021

Seaweeds are a potential source of minerals, essential amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, and various bioactive compounds such as antioxidants. The higher water content of seaweeds reduces the shelf life and this requires the appropriate drying method. The drying conditions play a major role in the conservation of nutrient composition in dried seaweeds. In recent years, the seaweed industry has used many different drying methods with advantages and limitations. Hybrid hot-water Goodle dryer (HHGD) which is a special dryer mixed with hot-water and a Korean traditional heating system (Goodlejang) might be a solution to avoid these limitations. The present study evaluated the effect of drying conditions in HHGD on nutrient composition and bioactivities of brown seaweeds. Moreover, freeze-dryer (FD) and HHGD were employed in this study to compare the dried outputs obtained from four brown seaweed species. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of the hybrid hot-water Goodle drying method (HHGDM) on the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of dried seaweeds. AOAC standard methods were used to analyze the proximate composition of dried samples and their 70% ethanol extract. The intracellular and extracellular antioxidant activities were evaluated using Vero cells and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer respectively. High performance liquid chromatography, apoptotic body formation, and in-vivo experiments were used for further confirmation of the quality of dried output. The proximate composition results obtained from drying in HHGD and FD did not exhibit any significant difference. Moreover, the seaweed extracts from the dried seaweeds by HHGD and FD dryings were also not different and both significantly down-regulated in-vivo and in-vitro oxidative stress. Furthermore, the high performance liquid chromatography results revealed that the two dryers did not make the major peaks different in the chromatograms. Freeze-drying method (FDM) provides elevated quality for dried output, but there are limitations such as high cost and low capacity. The results from a novel HHGD did not provide any significant difference with the results in FD and expressed a potential to avoid the limitations in FD. Overall, these findings solidified the applicability of HHGD over FD.