• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in subtidal zone of Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea from May 2012 to August 2013. A total of 122 species were collected and identified, including 12 green algae, 29 brown algae, and 81 red algae. Of these, 38 species were found throughout the survey period. Average seaweed biomass was 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in spring, 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in summer, 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in autumn, and 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in winter. The vertical distribution based on biomass were Grateloupia lanceolata, Acrosorium venulosum, Lomentaria catenata - Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris pacifica, Sargassum horneri, Ecklonia cava - Desmarestia viridis, E. cava, S. horneri from upper to lower subtidal zone. The flora was classified into six functional groups: filamentous form (34.43%), coarsely branched form (25.41%), sheet form (24.59%), thick leather form (9.71%), crustose form (5.74%) and jointed calcareous form (0.82%). The C/P, R/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.41, 2.79 and 3.21, respectively. Also, diversity index (H') and dominance index (DI) indicate that the algal community and environmental condition of Wangdol-cho is stable. We recommend that Wangdol-cho subtidal zone should be more protected from human activities such as turbulence and eutrophication in order to maintain species diversity and abundance of algae.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the physiological characteristics of an agarophyte Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Ohmi) Gurgel, J.N. Norris et Fredericq in the early life stage of tetrasporophytes (2n) and gametophytes (n) to select appropriate seedlings for mariculture. Growth experiments were carried out at the combinations of four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35℃) and three light intensity levels (20, 60, and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) in the two ontogenetic stages: discoid holdfasts and erect sporelings. Holdfast areas and sporeling lengths of tetrasporophytes and gametophytes were estimated after 14 days in culture. Relative growth rates (RGRs) for holdfast areas were 7.08-28.38% day^-1 for tetrasporophytes and 11.58-23.67% day^-1 for gametophytes. At 35℃, holdfasts of tetrasporophytes survived with RGRs of 7.08-23.28% day^-1 but those of gametophytes died. Maximal holdfast growth of tetrasporophytes occurred at 30℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1, which were different from gametophytes (25℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1). RGRs of tetrasporophytic sporelings were 2.93-11.11% day-1 and were between 0.78-10.82% day-1 for gametophytes. Maximal growth of A. vermiculophyllum sporelings occurred at 25℃ and 60 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for tetrasporophytes, and at 20℃ and 100 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for gametophytes. In conclusion, the present results indicate that carpospores could be used as resources of spore-seedling methods having genetic diversity for mass field cultivation because tetrasporophytes showed higher-temperature tolerance and faster-growing ability than gametophytes of A. vermiculophyllum in the discoid holdfast and sporeling stages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.182-190
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate dietary quality of Korea Antarctic expedition by menu analysis. Basic menu pattern, intake of dish and dish group, DDS (dietary diversity score), daily nutrients supply, and NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) & MAR (mean adequacy ratio) were analyzed using 1 year menu list for the 10th Korea Antarctic expedition. Most frequently served basic menu patterns were ${\ulcorner}$Rice + Soup + 2 Side dish + Kimchi (53.5%)${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Rice + Stew + 2 Side dish + Kimchi (13.4%)${\lrcorner}$. In the analysis of dish group, excluding Rice and Kimchi, ${\ulcorner}$Grilled foods${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Pan-fried foods${\lrcorner}$ were served more than 25% per month. Most frequently served dishes were "pan-fried rolled egg", "grilled seaweed", "kimchi soup", "fruits cocktail, canned" and "salt-fermented squid". The kinds of served dishes were very restrictive. The average score of DDS showed 2.88 for summer and 2.97 for winter. Dairy group was almost not served. Fruit & Vegetable groups were also served a little as canned product. The energy ratio of Carbohydrate : Fat : Protein was 56.5 : 23.9 : 19.2, and 56.9 : 24.5 : 18.3, for summer and winter, respectively. Both seasons had higher ratio of carbohydrate and lower ratio of fat compared to the recommended ratio (44 : 40 : 16) in polar area. Ca : P ratio was very poor, 0.40 in both seasons. NAR scores of Ca, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C were also very low, ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. Consequently, a well-planned menu supplying adequate amount of dairy, fruit and vegetable is necessarily required including Ca, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C intake, and some nutritionally well-educated members are urgently needed to join in the expedition.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2017

Seasonal variability in algal community structure was examined at the intertidal zones of five study sites on the Taean Peninsula, on the western coast of Korea, from February 2014 to November 2015. A total of 118 species of marine algae, comprising 17 green, 24 brown and 77 red algae, were identified. The maximum number of species was observed at the Mohang site (75 species), and the minimum at the Yeonpo site (46 species). The seaweed biomass was $160.24g\;dry\;wt./m^2$ on average, and was maximal at Uihang ($519.04g\;dry\;wt./m^2$) and minimal at Yeonpo ($19.03g\;dry\;wt./m^2$). Based on biomass, the dominant seaweeds at Taean peninsula were Sargassum thunbergii and Corallina pilulifera. Community indices were as follows: richness index (R), 3.21-5.01; evenness index (J'), 0.33-0.38; and diversity index (H'), 0.90-1.12. Based on evaluation of the environmental states by the community indices, the ecological evaluation index (EEI) of Taean peninsula was "moderate". The overall species and biomass of seaweeds decreased after the oil spill. However, Hakampo previously showed a similar algal community structure. In conclusion, the algal community was temporarily affected by the oil spill, but rapidly recovered.

• ALGAE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Although Pterocladiella is a well-known agar-producing red algal genus, its taxonomy in Korea appears to be confused. In the present study, we demonstrate the occurrence of Pterocladiella nana and P. tenuis, as well as P. capillacea in Korea on the basis of morphological and plastid rbcL sequence comparisons. P. capillacea commonly occurs along the coasts of Korea and has regular pinnate branches with abundant second-order branches, growing up to 10 cm in length. P. nana occurs in the intertidal zone of Jeju and is distinguished by the small size of its thalli (up to 5 cm) and regular branches with up to third-order branches. P. tenuis is distributed mostly subtidally on the southern coast of Jeju and has irregular branches with rarely second-order branches, growing up to 19 cm in length. We determined rbcL sequences from 19 specimens (15 from Korea and four from France) and downloaded 28 sequences from GenBank. Analyses of all 47 rbcL sequences revealed that each of three species was consistently resolved. P. capillacea and P. tenuis always formed a sister clade with P. nana at the base. Given that 12 rbcL haplotypes from 28 specimens of P. capillacea have been found to date, analysis of a fast-evolving gene from across the range of the species should highlight its genetic diversity.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2015

As a subset study to discover indigenous prokaryotic species in Korea, a total of 39 bacterial strains assigned to the classes Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were isolated from diverse environmental samples collected from soil, tidal flat, freshwater, seawater, seaweed, wetland, plant roots, guts of insects, and fermented foods. From the high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>99.1%) and formation of a robust phylogenetic clade with the closest species, it was determined that each strain belonged to each independent and predefined bacterial species. There is no official report that these 39 species have been described in Korea; therefore 4 species of 4 genera in the order Burkholderiales and 1 species in the order Neisseriales within the class Betaproteobacteria, and 10 species of 6 genera in the order Alteromonadales, 11 species of 3 genera in the order Pseudomonadales, 4 species of 4 genera in the order Enterobacteriales, 2 species of 2 genera in the order Vibrionales, 1 species in the order Aeromonadales, 3 species of 3 genera in the order Oceanospirillales, 2 species of 2 genera in the order Xanthomonadales, and 1 species in the order Chromatiales within the Gammaproteobacteia are reported for proteobacterial species found in Korea. Gram reaction, colony and cell morphology, basic biochemical characteristics, isolation source, and strain IDs are also described in the species description section.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2018

In order to investigate indigenous prokaryotic species diversity in Korea, various environmental samples from diverse ecosystems were examined. Isolated bacterial strains were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and those exhibiting at least 98.7% sequence similarity with known bacterial species, but not reported in Korea, were selected as unrecorded species. 28 unrecorded bacterial species belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes were discovered from various habitats including wastewater, freshwater, freshwater sediment, wet land, reclaimed land, plant root, bird feces, seawater, sea sand, tidal flat sediment, a scallop, marine algae, and seaweed. The unrecorded species were assigned to 18 different genera in five families: Flavobacterium, Epilithonimonas, Dokdonia, Gillisia, Flavicella, Chryseobacterium, Algibacter, Aquimarina, Lacinutrix, Gaetbulibacter, Cellulophaga, Tenacibaculum, and Maribacter of Flavobacteriaceae, Dyadobacter of Cytophagaceae, Draconibacterium of Draconibacterium_f, Sunxiuqinia of Prolixibacteraceae, and Fulvivirga of Fulvivirga_f. The selected isolates were subjected to further taxonomic characterization including analysis of Gram reaction, cellular and colonial morphology, biochemical activities, and phylogenetic trees. Descriptive information of the 28 unrecorded species is provided.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.132-141
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• 2006

Artificial structures have been designed as pilot structures to promote the creation and restoration of tidal flats. However, little information is available as to whether such artificial construction affects the macrobenthic community structure. We monitored the variation of the macrobenthic community structure and species composition near natural and artificial structures (seaweed and a timber fence) on the tidal flats near the Iwon Dike, Korea. In total, 137 macrobenthic species were recorded during this study, predominantly crustaceans (47%), polychaetes (18%), and molluscs (27%). Polychaetes comprised over 50% of the total density, followed by gastropods (38%) and crustaceans (11%). Macrobenthic species composition in the artificial and natural areas, was initially similar, but it differed after 7 months. The gastropod Umbonium thomasi, the most dominant species, was present at both sites in the first month after the start of the experiment, but disappeared at the artificial sites within 7 months, suggesting disturbance by the environmental factors. The number of species and diversity (H') varied significantly within sites at the beginning of the experiment, but no difference was observed after 7 months. Multivariate analysis (multidimensional scaling) revealed significant differences in community structure between the artificial and the natural areas from 7 months after the start of the experiment, except from 18 to 21 months. The community structures were mainly influenced by U. thomasi. Community structure at the artificial sites was affected by environmental variables, such as carbon, COD/IL sulfide, loss of ignition, kurtosis and silt, which changed over time. We observed no significant correlations between environmental variables and the dominant species, except in the case of Spio sp. and Macrophthalmus dilatatus, suggesting that the biological interactions and temporary disturbances such as typhoon, as well as the effects of artificial structures may also be important regulating factors in this system.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the eating behavior, growth, and dietary practices of children aged 3~5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 237 mothers of preschool children between April and June 2018. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated to determine the children's growth status. Dietary practices were evaluated using the nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P). Results: In our study, 29.5% of children were in the eating-small-amounts group, 46.8% of children were in the neophobic behavior group, and 61.2% of children were in the refusal-of-specific food group. Specific foods found to have a high frequency of rejection are listed in descending order as follows: shellfish, soy, mushroom, shrimp, vegetables, milk, eggs, yogurt, seaweed, meat, fruits, and fish. The eating-small-amounts group had lower Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age than the non-picky eaters' group. Compared to the non-picky eaters' group, the eating-small-amounts group of picky eaters had lower scores on the moderation and environment items of the NQ-P, the neophobic behavior group had lower scores on the balance and environment items of the NQ-P, and the refusal-of-specific food group had lower scores on the balance, moderation, and environment items of the NQ-P. Conclusions: Children classified with picky eating behavior had lower growth and development, lower diet diversity, less balanced food intake, and had greater difficulty in abstaining from eating unhealthy foods than non-picky eaters. Therefore, a lot of patience and intensive efforts are needed to encourage children to encounter, experience, and accept unfamiliar food. It is more effective to provide eating behavior guidance by gently encouraging children, than by being strict and forceful. Besides, since the eating behavior of children is influenced maximally by the dietary lifestyle at their homes, it is important to ensure that a healthy dietary lifestyle is maintained at home.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.1007-1016
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• 2021

This study examined the characteristics and seasonal distribution patterns of subtidal marine algal communities along the east coast of Korea, from 2016 to 2017, and recorded the coverage ratio (%) by the algal type. During the study period, 134 marine algae species (16 green, 29 brown, and 89 red) were identified at the survey sites. The maximum number of species was observed at the Nagok site (70 species), and the minimum at the Gisamoon site (50 species). The total average biomass (dry weight) during the survey period was 66.22 g/m², including green algae (2.19 g/m²), brown algae (38.10 g/m²), and red algae (25.94 g/m²). The dominant seaweeds in the vertical distribution based on coverage rates (%) were Sargassum yezoense and Dictyopteris divaricata at the upper, Symphyocladia latiuscula and Undaria pinnatifida at the middle, and Agarum clathratum subsp. yakishiriense and Plocamium telfairiae at the lower sections of the distribution. Richness, evenness, and diversity index, calculated based on the biomass of the abundant species, were estimated to be 6.36, 0.55, and 1.98, respectively, over the entire sea area. Based on the evaluation of the environmental states using community indices, the ecological evaluation index (EEI-c) of subtidal marine algal communities along the east coast of Korea was marked as 'good-moderate'.