• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.546-553
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• 2013

A clear increase in the average annual temperature is observed worldwide, and climate changes take place in response to that increase. This affects not only the ecosystem, but also to mankind. Of all those aspects of climate change, people are especially interested in the length of each season, and people acknowledge that the duration of spring and fall has been shortened over the past several years. Still, it is difficult to observe this kind of phenomenon with the simple analysis of dividing the seasons and calculating the duration. Therefore, this study attempted to set up a more intuitive standard which well reflects the current situation. This study also divided the daily climate into 4 states using the daily maximum and minimum temperature. Moreover, using the Hidden Markov Model, this study calculated the duration of each season and analyzed its tendency based on the daily temperature data of the last 53 years (1960~2012). According to the result, the duration of spring and fall showed mild decreasing tendency over the past 53 years, and the duration of fall decreased even more during the past 30 years in the Korean peninsula. After 1960, the start of spring was advanced, which decreased the length of winter for about 11 days. On the other hand, the duration of summer increased for about 25 days, which is consistent with the worldwide tendency of temperature increase.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.733-753
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• 1994

해수면의 장주기변동을 알기 위하여 우리나라, 일본, 러시아의 103개 조위관측점의 월평균 해수면을 분석하였다. 기압보정에는 조위관측점 부근의 기상관측점에서 관측된 월평균 해수면기압을 사용하였다. 계절변화는 대부분의 해역에서 지배적이며, 대마해류역 해안에서 가장 크고 러시아 해안에서 가장 작다. 계절변화의 상호상관관계는 대마해류역 해안 사이에서 가장 크다. 이 부속해에서는 계절변화가 대마해류와 관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 보인다. 계절변화는 남쪽에서 북쪽 뿐만 아니라 서쪽에서 동쪽으로도 전파되고 있다. 반면에, 계절변화보다 장주기의 변화는 태평양 연안에서 가장 큰 진폭과 가장 빠른 위상을 보여, 장주기의 변화는 태평양에서 부터 전파되어 오는 것을 보여준다. 계절변화보다 짧은 주기의 변화는 일반적으로 상관관계가 낮다. 이들의 상관관계 값들은 해역사이에 특별한 차이를 보이지 않으며, 거리에 반비례하는 공통적인 경향을 보이고 있다. 이것은 짧은 주기의 파들이 전해역에 걸쳐 발생하여 모든 방향으로 전파되고 있으며 빨리 소멸한다는 것을 의미한다. 1965부터 1985년 동안 이 해역에서 해수면변화의 경향은 일반적으로 태평양연안에서 음의 기울기를 다른 해역이 양의 기울기를 갖는다. 이러한 경향으로 인해 제주와 Sasebo사이의 평균 해수수송량은 이 기간동안 약 1 Sv의 유량이 줄어들 수 있다. 해수면 차이로부터 계산한 수송량의 계절변화는 대한해협에서 2 Sv 정도로 이미 발표된 다른 연구 보고와 비슷하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1243-1253
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• 2008

The seasonal variations of picoplankton including Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and Picoeukayotes around Ulneung Island were investigated by flow cytometry in spring, summer and autumn in 2006. All groups of picoplankton showed clear seasonal patterns in population abundance. Among the group, Synechococcus showed the most prominent seasonal variation during the study period. The maximal abundance of Synechococcus occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn. The seasonal distribution of Prochlorococcus displayed the reverse tendency with that of Synechococcus. The abundance of Prochlorococcus ranged from $2.9{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in summer to $311{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in autumn. However, the seasonal distribution of Picoeukaryotes was shown to be relatively constant, and the maximal abundance was $81.5{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in summer. The highest abundance of Picoeukaryotes occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn and the seasonal distribution in abundance of Picoeukaryotes showed a similar trend with that of Synechococcus. The estimated total carbon biomass of picoplankton were ranged from $74.7\;mg\;C/m^2$ to $1,055.9\;mg\;C/m^2$. The highest total carbon biomass occurred in summer, but lowest occurred in autumn. The pattern of the contribution of three picoplankton to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is different. The contribution of Synechococcus to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is increased to 75%, but the contribution of Prochlorococcus dropped to 12% in summer. The contribution of Picoeukaryotes is ranged from 24% in summer to 72.5% in spring.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 1968

Prostitutes living in Songdo beach in Pusan, for two years period (from September 4, 1964 to August 28, 1966) were investigated for the present status and Venereal Diseases. The following results were obtained. 1. Age distribution:The youngest was 18 years old and the oldest 29. The group between 22-25 years old was 72.8%, approximately three fourth of all prostitute. 2. Educational background: From illiterate to college graduated. The group of graduated primary school was 80.7%, approximately four fifth of all prostitutes. 3. Distribution of birth places: From all cities and provinces in Korea except Chejudo Island province. Kyongsang Namdo province was highest(24%), Kyongsan Pukdo province 18%, Pusan city 12%, and Seoul city 11%. 4. Monthly and weekly Venereal Diseases examination to prostitutes: Total examined cases were 7757, consisting of 323 monthly, and 75 weekly. Total numbers of disqualified persons were 592(7.63% of total examined), consisting of 25 monthly, and 6 weekly. 5. Clinical and laboratory findings of the rejected prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination: Among total cases of rejected 592, gonococcal positive cases were 2.89%, staining by gram's method, cervical erosions 3.53%, and numerous pus cells but gonococcal negative 1.53%. 6. Seasonal distribution of prostitutes : Songdo beach is one of the famous sea shore sightseeing resort in Pusan. Therefore, numbers of prostitutes were increasing in hot season, summer and decreasing in cold season, winter. 7. Number of disqualified prostitutes at the Venereal Disease examination by seasonal trend: In autumn 18.04%, winter 8.68%, spring 5.85%, and summer 4.43%, in order as described, the decreasing tendency was observed. 8. Serolgical tests for syphilis: VDRL slide method and Kolmer-Wassermann reaction were performed to the prostitutes. STS were positive by VDRL slide method in 8.33-33.87%, Kolmer-Wassermann reaction in 8.33-27.42% of the prostitutes. The results of sero-positive of syphilis showed tendency toward gradually increase from 1964 to 1966. 9. Authors were observed only 1 case or soft chancer, but neither lymphogranuloma venereum nor granuloma inguinale were detected.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1976

밤나무 1~2년(年) 지(枝)에 함유(含有)된 tannin, catechol tannin, pyrogallol tannin, 당(糖), 전분(澱粉), 및 조단백질등(粗蛋白質等)의 물질(物質)을 시기적(時期的)으로 추출(抽出) 분석(分析)하여 그 물질(物質)들의 시기적(時期的) 동향(動向) 그리고 밤나무 혹벌에 대(對)한 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)과 감수성(感受性) 품종간(品種間)의 차이점(差異點)을 밝히고 밤나무 재배상(栽培上)의 문제점(問題點)으로 되어있는 밤나무 혹벌 저항성(抵抗性)과의 관계(關係)를 조사(調査)한 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 각품종별(各品種別) tannin의 평균적(平均的) 함율(含率)은 Tsuguba 0.730%, Ginyose 0.845%, Shimokatsugi 0.507%, Taisyo-wase 0.520%이었으며 년중(年中) tannin의 양적(量的) 변화(變化)는 6월(月)부터 9월(月)사이에 가장 낮은 함율(含率)을 보이나 9월이후(月以後) 상승(上昇)함을 알수있었고 6월(月)과 9월(月) 사이의 품종별(品種別) 함율(含率)은 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase에 비(比)하여 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 높은 함율(含率)을 나타내었다. 2. 각품종별(各品種別) catechol tannin의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)은 상대적(相對的) 용량(容量)으로 비교(比較)할 때 Tsuguba 0.0069%, Ginyose 0.0075%, Shimokatsugi 0.0041%, Taisyo-wase 0.0038%이었고 2월이후(月以後) 10월(月)까지 양적(量的)으로 큰 변동(變動)은 없으나 10월이후(月以後)부터 상승(上昇)하였으며 연중(年中)을 통(通)하여 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase보다 2배(倍) 이상(以上)의 함율(含率)을 나타낸 것으로 보아 catechol tannin의 양적(量的) 차(差)가 저항성(抵抗性)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)에 있는 것 같다. 3. Pyrogallol tannin을 상대용량(相對容量)으로 비교(比較)하면 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)이 Shimokatsugi 0.0260%, Taisyo-wase 0.0270%이고 Tsuguba 0.0196%, Ginyose 0.0194%이어서 오히려 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 낮은 함율(含率)을 보였는데 pyrogallol tannin의 양적(量的) 저하(低下)와 catechol tannin의 양적(量的) 증가(增加)가 저항성(抵抗性)에 관계(關係)하지 않은가 생각한다. 4. 당(糖)의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)은 Tsuguba 1.061%, Ginyose 1.094%, Shimokatsugi 0.961%, Taisyo-wase 0.905%로서 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 타품종(他品種)에 비(比)하여 더 많이 함유(含有)하고 있었고 연중(年中) 양적(量的) 분포(分布)도 catecholl tannin과 비슷한 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 전분(澱粉)은 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)이 Shimokatsugi 2.175%, Taisyo-wase 2.131%, Tsuguba 1.998%, Ginyose 1.854%로서 당(糖)과는 달리 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase에 더 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었으나 연중(年中) 함율(含率)의 변화(變化)는 당(糖)과 비슷하였다. 6. 조단백질(粗蛋白質)의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)도 Shimokatsugi 1.575%, Taisyo-wase 1.620%, Tsuguba 1.543%, Ginyose 1.446%로서 품종간(品種間) 차(差)는 심(甚)하지 않으나 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)이 약간(若干) 많은 경향(傾向)이었고 연중(年中) 함율(含率)의 변화(變化)는 전분(澱粉)과 비슷하였다. 7. 밤나무 혹벌 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Ginyose와 Tsuguba는 tannin, catechol tannin, 및 당(糖)이 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)보다 현저(顯著)하게 많았으며 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase는 pyrogallol tannin, 전분(澱粉), 및 조단백질(粗蛋白質)의 함율(含率)이 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種) 보다 대단(大端)히 많은 것으로 미루어 보아 이들 성분(成分)의 함유차(含有差)가 복합상승작용(複合相乘作用)하여 밤나무 혹벌 저항(抵抗)에 관여(關與)하지 않는가 생각되며 시기적(時期的)인 각성분(各成分)의 변화(變化)와 양적차(量的差) 또한 저항성(抵抗性)에 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있는 것 같다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.98-113
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 최근 40년간(1973~2012) 우리나라 기상청 산하 61개 관측지점의 일강수량 자료를 바탕으로 1~5일 누적 최대 강수량에서 추출한 각 계절별 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 시 공간적 발생 패턴과 변화 양상의 특징을 밝히고자 하였다. 사계절 중 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 규모 자체는 여름철에 가장 크지만, 계절 강수량 증감에 따른 극한강수현상 규모 변화민감도는 가을철에 더 높게 나타난다. 장기간 시계열에 나타난 선형 추세 분석에 따르면, 1~5일 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 규모는 동일하게 사계절 중 여름철에 가장 뚜렷하게 증가하는 변화 양상이 나타난다. 특히, 경기도와 강원영서, 충청도 지역을 중심으로 여름철 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 증가 규모가 크고 뚜렷하게 나타나고, 1일에서 5일로 누적 기간이 길수록 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 증가 경향은 이들 지역이외에 소백산맥 주변지역에서도 관찰된다. 통계적 유의성을 보이는 이러한 다중일 누적 극한강수현상 증가추세는 일부 관측지점에서는 겨울철에도 1~2일 누적 극한강수현상에 나타나는 점도 주목할 만하다. 한편, 극한강수량이 계절 강수량에서 차지하는 비율의 변화 추세를 분석해보면, 사계절 중 겨울철에 증가 경향이 가장 뚜렷하게 나타난다. 이러한 결과들은 여름철뿐만 아니라 다른 계절의 다중일 누적 극한강수현상의 시 공간적 변화에도 대비할 필요성이 있음을 가리킨다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 1999년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.325-329
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• 1999

The characteristic of East Asian summer monsoon is investigated using 8-year (March 1987-February 1995) - averaged monthly and 5-day mean 1 degree latitude-longitude gridded GMS high-cloud-amount data (HCA). An analysis of these data shows the convective zone (ITCZ) clouds which defined as the percentage of the total grid area covered by clouds with a cloud-top temperature below the 400 hPa-level climatological temperature. The HCA increased clearly over equatorial zone during December and January and 30-40 $^{\circ}$N during May and June. These HCA patterns are coincided with seasonal cycles of summer monsoon which is introduced in historical references. The relationship with the summer monsoon winds as climatological changing of wind direction is analyzed by ECMWF re-analysis 2.5-degree latitude-longitude grid surface data which is calculated with 8-year averaged from January 1987 to January 1995. In addition, the monsoon winds are showed by separated U, V-wind components far manifestation a tendency of onset and retreat data of seasonal monsoon.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1164-1171
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• 2010

Korea is considered to be a seasonal frozen soil area that is thawed in the spring, and most of the area is frozen in winter as to the characteristic of geography. In the current design codes for anti-freezing layer, the thickness of anti freezing layer is calculated by freezing depth against the temperature condition. Therefore, they have a tendency of over-design and uniform thickness without the considerations of thermal stability, bearing capacity and frost susceptibility of materials. So, it is essential for studying the appropriateness and bearing capacity besides the seasonal and mechanical properties of pavement materials to take a appropriate and reasonable design of the road structure. In this research, the evaluation of frost susceptibility on subgrade, ant-freezing layer, sub base was conducted by means of the mechanical property test and laboratory field road model downed scale experiment. The temperature, heaving amount, heaving pressure and unfrozen water contents of soil samples, the subgrade, anti-freezing layer, sub base soils of highway construction site, were measured to determine the frost susceptibility.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1974

The electrocardiogram of frogs were obtained in winter (January), spring (April), summer (July) and autumn (September and November). Electrocardiograms were recorded applying electrodes to the atria, ventricle and apex of the heart by unipolar or bipolar leads. V wave was recorded prior to P wave, for the presence of the sinus venosus which controls the automaticity of the frog heart, in four seasons. Regardless of the leads or the position of the electrodes P wave was diphasic and wide. According to the rise of temperature the rate of heart beat was increased, and V-P and P-R interval were shortened. Two regression line between R-R interval and both V-P interval and P-R interval were drawn. These were calculated as V-P interval=1 0.276R-R $interva1+0.067{\pm}0.15$ (sec.) and P-R interval=0.179R-R $interva1+0.155{\pm}0.1$ (sec). From these calculation the larger gradient of V-P interval than P-R interval was suggestive that the heart rate is more dependent on the changes of V-P interval than that of P-R interval. Changes of the heart rate were also measured in four seasons and artificial temperatures. Two regression lines between the heart rate (H.H.) and both seasonal temperature (T) and artificial temperature, were drawn. These two lines were calculated as H.R.=20+3.71 (T-10) and H.R.=32+1.425 T respectively. From two gradients of the above equations it is considered that the changes of the heart rate in artificial temperature were milder than that in seasonal temperature. The number of RBC and WBC of frogs were measured in four seasons and a tendency of the changes was observed according to the seasonal variation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

Precipitation variability around King Sejong Station related with E1 $Ni\~{n}o$/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is evaluated using the gauge-based monthly data of its neighboring stations. Though three Ant-arctic Stations of King Sejong (Korea), Frei (Chile), and Artigas (Uruguay) are all closely located within 10 km, their precipitation data show mostly insignificant positive or rather negative correlations among them in the annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation. This result indicates that there are locally large variations in the distribution of precipitation around King Sejong Station. The monthly data of Frei Station for 31 years (1970-2000) are analyzed for examining the ENSO signal in precipitation because of its longer precipitation record compared to other two stations. From the analysis of seasonal precipitation, it is seen that there is a tendency of less precipitation than the average during E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events. This dryness is more distinct in fall to spring seasons, in which the precipitation decreases down to about 30% of seasonal mean precipitation. However, the precipitation signal related with La $Ni\~{n}a$ events is not significant. From the analysis of monthly precipitation, it is found that there is a strong negative correlation during 1980s and in the late 1990s, and a weak positive correlation in the early 1990s between normalized monthly precipitation at Frei Station and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the $Ni\~{n}o$ 3.4 region. However, this relation may be not applied over the region around King Sejong Station, but at only one station, Frei.