• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-83
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• 2022

Numbers structure reality and define the way people live. Both in Daoism and in Daesoon Jinrihoe they signify key concepts, notably the cardinal numbers from one through nine that classify different dimensions of the cosmos. Beyond these, the number twenty-four plays an important role. In a temporal mode, it marks the divisions or seasonal periods of the year. Consisting of fifteen days each, these periods signal (and are named after) changes in dominant weather patterns and the position of the sun. Generally activated in the body through particular seasonal activities and dietary prescriptions, in Daoism they are also the root of a series of healing exercises and certain refinement practices of internal alchemy. In Daesoon Jinrihoe, moreover, they are activated by chanting a specific incantation that invokes the twenty-four divine rulers of the divisions, originally a group of Tang Dynasty officials that in nature and function resemble the spirit generals of the early Celestial Masters. Beyond this, the number twenty-four also applies to space. Not unlike the twenty-eight lunar stations or mansions, traditional cosmology acknowledges twenty-four directions, made up of six constellations each in the four cardinal directions, complete with starry deities and divine generals. Their powers are activated with the help of written characters rather than vocal incantations, using techniques common both in Daoism and Daesoon Jinrihoe.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.512-518
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• 2008

This study were to evaluate trophic conditions, N : P ratios, and empirical relations of chlorophyll (CHL) systematically using TN, TP, and CHL values in agricultural reservoirs and drinking water supplying dams. During the study, nutrients and CHL varied depending on seasonal conditions and types of the reservoirs, but most reservoirs were diagnozed as eutrophic to hypertrophic. Mass ratios of TN : TP averaged 93.1 (range: $0.68{\sim}1342$) and about 96.6 % of the total observations (n=516) was > 17 in the N : P ratios. This result suggests that P was a potential factor limiting algal growth in the entire reservoir. Thus, TN : TP ratios were a function of phosphorus rather than nitrogen. Regression analysis of log-transformed N : P ratios against TP in DWDRs and ARs showed that ratios were linearly declined with an increase of TP ($R^2$>0.66; p<0.001). Seasonal mean CHL was minimum ($4.3{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, range: $0.1{\sim}39.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) in premonsoon, and was similar between the monsoon and postmonsoon. In contrast, one of the tremendous features was that values of CHL was greater in the ARs than DWDRs. Thus, the spatial and temporal patterns in CHL were similar to those of TP but not TN. Empirical models of CHL-TP showed that CHL variation could explain average 15.3% and 11.3% in DWDRs and ARs, respectively. Seasonal analysis of empirical models showed that CHL-TP relations were stronger in postmonsoon than those of premonsoon and monsoon.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.532-542
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• 1997

Seasonal variation of a shrimp community in the eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed in Kwangyang Bay, Korea was studied based on the monthly collected samples through a year of 1994. The shrimp community in the eelgrassbed was composed of 26 species of shrimps representing 6 families. The community was dominated by Heptacarpus pandaloides, Crangon affinis, Eualus leptognathus, Latreutes acicularis, Heptacarpus rectirostris, Heptacarpus geniculatus, and Latreutes laminirostris. Most of species were the small-sized species with carapace length smaller than 25 mm. The peak abundance occurred in the late winter and spring and low abundances in autumn. More than 10 species were collected every month except lull (8 species). Species diversity indices showed that the shrimp species were more diverse during the late summer, and lesser during the late autumn. Predominance of Crangon affinis in the late autumn caused such a low diversity. The shrimps in the study area could be grouped into three groups on the basis of their occurrence patterns: resident species, seasonal species, and temporary species. More abundant and more diverse shrimps were collected during nighttime than daytime.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

In recent several years, East Asia, Europe and North America have suffered successive cold winters and a number of historical records on the extreme weathers are replaced with new record-breaking cold events. As a possible explanation, several studies suggested that cryospheric conditions of Northern Hemisphere (NH), i.e. Arctic sea-ice and snow cover over northern part of major continents, are changing significantly and now play an active role for modulating midlatitude atmospheric circulation patterns that could bring cold winters for some regions in midlatitude. In this study, a dynamical seasonal prediction system for NH winter is newly developed using the snow depth initialization technique and statistically predicted sea-ice boundary condition. Since the snow depth shows largest variability in October, entire period of October has been utilized as a training period for the land surface initialization and model land surface during the period is continuously forced by the observed daily atmospheric conditions and snow depths. A simple persistent anomaly decaying toward an averaged sea-ice condition has been used for the statistical prediction of sea-ice boundary conditions. The constructed dynamical prediction system has been tested for winter 2012/13 starting at November 1 using 16 different initial conditions and the results are discussed. Implications and a future direction for further development are also described.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2008

We collected information on seasonal and interannual variability of surface chlorophyll a concentration between 1997-2007 from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Satellite data were used to acquire chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature from six regions: East Sea/Ulleung Basin, East China Sea, Philippin Sea, Warm Pool region, Warm Pool North region, and Warm Pool East region. Mixed layer depth (MLD) was calculated from temperature profiles of ARGO floats data in four of the six regions during 2002-2007. In the East Sea/Ulleung Basin, seasonal variability of chlorophyll a concentration was attributed to seasonal change of MLD, while there was no significant relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and MLD in the Warm Pool region. Interannual anomaly in sea surface temperature were similar among the East Sea, East China Sea, Philippin Sea, and Warm Pool North region. The anomaly pattern was reversed in the Warm Pool East region. However, the anomaly pattern in the Warm Pool region was intermediate of the two patterns. In relation to chlorophyll a, there was a reversed interannual anomaly pattern between Warm Pool North and Warm Pool East, while the anomaly pattern in the Warm Pool region was similar to that of Warm Pool North except for the El $Ni\tilde{n}o$ years (1997/1998, 2002/2003, 2006/2007). However, there was no distinct relationship among other seas. Interestingly, in the Warm Pool and Warm Pool East regions, sea surface temperature showed a pronounced inverse pattern with chlorophyll a. This indicates a strong interrelationship among sea surface temperature-MLD-chlorophyll a in the regions. In the Warm Pool and Warm Pool East, zonal distribution of chlorophyll a concentration within the past 10 years has shown a good relationship with sea surface temperature which reflects ENSO variability.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.294-305
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• 2018

Quantitative assessment on the impact from North Korean emissions to surface particulate matter(PM) concentration in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea is conducted using a 3-dimensional chemistry transport model. Transboundary transport of air pollutants and their precursors are important to understand regional air quality in East Asian countries. As North Korea locates in the middle of main transport pathways of Chinese pollutants, quantifiable estimation of its impact is essential for policy making in South Korean air quality management. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System is utilized to simulate regional air quality and its sensitivity, using the Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment 2015 and the Clean Air Policy Support System 2013 emissions inventories for North and South Korea, respectively. Contributions were estimated by a brute force method, perturbing 50% of North and South Korean emissions. Simulations demonstrate that North Korean emissions contribute $3.89{\mu}g/m^3$ of annual surface PM concentrations in the SMA, which accounts 14.7% of the region's average. Impacts are dominant in nitrate and organic carbon (OC) concentrations, attributing almost 40% of SMA OC concentration during January and February. Clear seasonal variations are also found in North Korean emissions contribution to South Korea (and vice versa) due to seasonal characteristics of synoptic weather, especially by the change of seasonal flow patterns.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Understanding of the basic characteristics of an astronomical instrument is a prerequisite to obtaining reliable data from the instrument. We have analyzed more than 1,000 calibration images from the Fairchild 486 CCD (hereafter the Maidanak 4k CCD system) attached to the AZT-22 1.5m telescope at Maidanak Astronomical Observatory in Uzbekistan. The Maidanak 4k CCD system supports three readout modes through 1, 2, or 4 amplifiers. In most cases observers use 4-amplifier readout mode to save time. We have tested the stability and seasonal variation of zero levels and confirm that two quadrants of the images (Amp 1 & 2) show no appreciable seasonal variation. but the other two quadrants (Amp 3 & Amp 4) show an evident seasonal variation in the bias level. The Cryo Tiger, the cooling system used at the Maidanak 4k CCD system, maintains the CCD temperature at -108'E, and effectively suppresses the dark electrons. The mean value versus the variance plot of the flat images does not show the expected relation for an ideal Poisson noise distribution and this is attributed to the large variation in quantum efficiency between different pixels. In addition, we confirm that there is no appreciable difference in gain between readout amplifiers, but there is a large variation in quantum efficiency across CCD chip especially in U. Due to the finite length of shutter opening and closing time, the effective exposure time varies across the science images. We introduce two parameters to quantify the effect of this uneven illumination and present a method to remove these effects. We also present a method to remove the interference patterns appearing in the images obtained with longer wavelength filters and investigate the spatial variation of the point spread function.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.784-790
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• 1999

Species composition and seasonal variation of a shrimp assemblage in the coastal waters of Kori, Korea were studied based on the monthly trawled samples through a year of 1996. In the study period, 11 species of shrimps from 6 families were collected. Of these Crangon affinis predominated throughout the year. The peak abundances occurred in June and November, and low ones in winter and early autumn. More species were collected in winter and spring than summer and autumn. Species diversity indices showed that the shrimp assemblage was more diverse in winter than spring and autumn. Predominance of C. affinis in June, July and November caused high abundances and low diversity indices. The shrimps in the study area can be grouped into two groups on the basis of their occurrence patterns: resident species and seasonal species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2003

Masan Bay is one of the most heavily polluted bay in Korea owing to the large industrial complex and urban area. Water transparency, Secchi depth in meter, was observed 33 times totally at four sites during 1995 through 2002 and analysed statistically. The range was 0.2∼7.2m, mean 204m, and variation coefficient 60% in totally. Roughly speaking, monthly mean showed lower value April or July than other months. Seasonal mean showed lower in spring or summer than other seasons. Yearly mean was lowest in '95 and '98 during 7 years. Each sampling site showed a different patterns by the monthly, seasonal or yearly transparencies. Inner bay area, S1 site, showed lowest transparency and highest variation coefficient owing to the streamlets and urban area. And it was supposed that one of the important factor affecting different transparency distribution of most seaward site, S4 site, among four sites in the Masan Bay may be the underwater effluents of urban sewage water treated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.547-556
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• 2007

The sediment transport by waves, wave-induced current and tidal current was calculated using the TRANSPOR2004, then the seasonal sediment budget was analyzed. Also, annual sediment budget was calculated, and sediment circulation patterns was deduced in the broad area including Haeundae beach. A sediment mainly inflows from the east coast of the beach and then moves to the eastward to the Dongback Is, where the 80% of inflow sediment transported to the eastward as a longshore sediment while 20% of them going out to the offshore at the center of the beach. Above results shows a good agreement with the sediment transport trend analysis results by the Gao model.