• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.74
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

(1) Kaeusetgul Cave in Kimnyong-Ri, Jeju-Do, Korea. Kaeuset-gul Cave (KC) is situated in NNE area of the Manjang-gul cave (125m a.s.l.). Kaeuset-gul Cave lies at $126^{\circ}45'22"$ E in longitude and $33^{\circ}33'09"$ N in latitude. The coast belong Kimnyeong-Ri, Kujwa-eup, Jeju-Do. Altitude of the cave-entrance is 10m and length of the cave is 90m. Lava hand-specimens of KC are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Average major chemical components of specimens from KC is as follows (wt.%); $SiO_2=47.03$, $TiO_2=3.16$, $Al_2O_3=18.41$, FeO*=13.53, MnO=0.14, MgO=5.05, CaO=8.66, $Na_2O=2.81$, $K_2O=0.67$, $P_2O_5=0.55$ in KC. Polarizing microscopic studyindicates that these specimens are described of alkali-basalt. (2) Tachibori Fuketsu (Cave) in Shizuoka Prefecture, Fuji Volcano, Japan Tachibori Fuketsu lies attoward the south in skirt of the Fuji volcano, $138^{\circ}42'04"$ east longitude and $35^{\circ}18'00"$ north latitude. The location of cave entrance is 2745, Awakura, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka Prefecture. The above sea level and length of Tachibori Fuketsu are 1,170m and 82m. Average major chemical components of specimens from cave areas follows (Total 100 wt.%) ; ($SiO_2$=50.52, $TiO_2$=1.69, $Al_2O_3$=15.47, FeO*=13.13, MnO=0.20, MgO=5.97, CaO=9.17, $Na_2O$=2.52, $K_2O$=0.94 and $P_2O_5=0.40).$ Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens may belong to tholeiite-basalt series. According to polarizing microscopic study, Au (Augite), P1 (Plagioclase), and O1 (Olivine) are contained as phenocryst minerals. (3) Gorely Cave in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Gorely caldera is located at the southeastern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, about 75km southwest of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.. Gorely lava caves are situated in NHE area of Mt. Gorely volcano (1829m a.s.1.). One of lava cave (Go-9612=K-1) lies at $158^{\circ}00'22"$ east longitude and $52^{\circ}36'18"$ north latitude. The elevation of cave entrance is about 990m a.s.1. and the main cave extends in the NNW direction for about 50m by 15m wide and 5m in depth. The cave of K-3is near the K-1 cave. "@Lava hand-specimens K-1 and K-3 caves are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis and polarizing microscopic observation. Average major chemical components of specimens from these caves are as follows (wt.%) ;($SiO_2$=55.12, $TiO_2$=1.25, $Al_2O_3$=16.07, T-FeO* =9.41, MnO=0.16, MgO=5.01, CaO=7.21, $Na_2O$=3.39, $K_2O$=1.92, $P_2O_5$=0.45) and these values indicate that the Gorely basaltic andesite belong to high alumina basalt. Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens are described of Augite andesite.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.144-155
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• 2011

The infraspecific taxa of Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde are currently known to include one subspecies (subsp. nanus Y. Lee), two varieties (var. ramosa Makino, and var. dissectipetalis Y. Lee) and two forms (for. argentatus Y. Lee, and for. viridescensicalyx Y. Lee). Among them, the remaining three taxa except for subsp. nanus and var. dissectipetalis are unified with A. amurensis. Therefore, we examined the morphological characteristics and geographical distribution of A. amurensis in effort to elucidate the taxonomic status of subsp. nanus and var. dissectipetalis. After the subsp. nanus samples had been transplanted from their type locality, i.e. highland at more than 1,000 m above sea level, to a lowland habitat, we measured the samples' morphological characteristics. The range of values we recorded of the plant height and floral diameter from the subsp. nanus samples were within the parameters used to characterize A. amurensis. Accordingly, subsp. nanus has been characterized as an ecophene of A. amurensis. It is considered as a synonym of A. amurensis. Among the populations of A. amurensis (sensu Y.Lee, author), those with highly dissected petals at their apices have previously been described as var. dissectipetalis. However, this characteristic has been observed together with obtuse or rounded petal apices not only in one population but also in a single individual. However, populations with these characteristics belong to A. pseudoamurensis due to the simultaneous development of leaves and flowers, branched stems, acute leaf apices, and petals that are shorter than sepals. Therefore, we suggest that A. amurensis var. dissectipetalis be unified with A. pseudoamurensis. Very useful characteristics for distinguishing A. amurensis from its relative species are anthesis, the presence or absence of branches, the development of scales into normal leaves, the relative length of the sepals and petals, and the position of the stipules. A. amurensis is geographically restricted to E. Asia, including E. Siberia, and especially on the Korean Peninsula, it is distributed throughout the northern provinces of Gyeonggi province and in Gangwon province, Gyeongbuk province (Mt. Bohyeon-san) and Jeonbuk province (Mt Jeoksang-san) along Baekdudaegan mountain.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare the production performance and stress response of chickens kept in the conventional cages and floor pens. 491 female White Leghorns were used in this study, and their production characteristics and stress response indicators were analyzed from 34 to 43 weeks of age. The results showed that there was no significant difference in survival rate, hen-day egg production, and body weight between the chickens kept in the conventional cages and those kept in the floor pens. The chickens kept in the conventional cages had a significantly higher egg weight and egg quality compared with those kept in the floor pens (P<0.01). The amount of telomeric DNA in lymphocytes was significantly higher in the chickens kept in floor pens than in those kept in conventional cages (P<0.05). The heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, HSP-90β gene expression level, and DNA damage rate significantly increased in chickens kept in the conventional cages, as compared to the chickens kept in floor pens (P<0.01). In conclusion, there seems to be no difference in the production performance between chickens kept in conventional cages and those kept in floor pens. Furthermore, chickens kept in conventional cages had higher stress response values than those kept in floor pens for all stress response indicators. Therefore, conventional cage types are considered to be a more stressful environment for chickens than floor pens, regardless of the production performance of the chickens.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.431-440
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• 2014

To propose the improvement and management plans to strengthen the pollutant removal efficiency of dam reservoir's constructed wetlands(CWs), the operation status and configuration of CWs (including water depth, operational flow, water flow distribution, residence time, and pollutant removal efficiency, aspect ratio, open water/vegetation ratio etc.) were analyzed in 10 major wetlands constructed in dam reservoirs. The pollutant concentrations in the inflows of the studied CWs were lower than those of American and European constructed wetlands. Especially, organic matter concentrations in all of inflows were below 3 mg/L(as BOD) due to advanced treatment of sewage disposal plant and an intake of low concentration water during dry and normal seasons. The average removal efficiency of total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) for 10 CWs ranged from 7.6~67.6%(mean 24.9%) and -4.9~74.5%(mean 23.7%), respectively, showing high in wetlands treating municipal wastewater. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of BOD was generally low or negative with ranging from -133.3 to 41.7%. From the analysis of the operation status and configuration of CWs, it is suggested that the low removal efficiency of dam reservoir's CWs were caused by both structural (inappropriate aspect ratio, excessive open water area) and operational (neglecting water-level management, lack of facilities and operation for first flush treatment, lake of monitoring during rainy events) problems. Therefore, to enable to play a role as a reduction facility of non-point source(NPS) pollutants, an appropriate design and operation manuals for dam reservoir's CW is urgently needed. In addition, the monitoring during rainy events, when NPS runoff occur, must be included in operation manual of CW, and then the data obtained from the monitoring is considered in estimation of the pollutant removal efficiency by dam reservoir's CW.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

This study aims to study the distribution and formation age of Quaternary deposits in the downstream of Yeongsan Estuarine River, encompassing Muan, Illo and Donggang counties. For this purpose the authors examine several borehole data, and step trench survey for excellent profiles was studied in connection with grain size population and magnetic susceptibility. As a result, it is interpreted that the coastal plain of the Yeongsan River was formed by sea level rise after Last Glacial Maximum(LGM). The fore edge/escarpment of coastal terraces distributed 7-10 m asl is assumed to be formed during the last glacial period, while the coastal terraces distributed above 7-10m asl formed during MIS 5a. In addition, the fore edge/escarpment of coastal terraces distributed above 15 m asl is presumed to be have been formed during the stadial of last interglacial period, while the formation age of coastal terraces distributed above 15m(asl) is assumed to be MIS 5e. This formation age can be estimated by the coastal terrace ages of the southeastern coast of Korean Peninsula. The characteristics of Quaternary deposits linked to paleolithic culture will eventually lead to the reconstruction of ecosystem environment of paleolithic peoples.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to get basic data for the cold-waterless transportation of live fish. The optimal cold temperature of plaice, Paralichthy olivaceus was determined by checking the changes of dissolved oxygen and ammonia in the sea water and the survival times during storage at various temperatures. After determination of optimal temperature for transportation, the changes of serum components and muscle components of live plaice were also carried out during storage at cold($5^{\circ}C$)-waterless conditions and the recovery conditions($10\%$ density at $15^{\circ}C$). At higher storage temperature, decreases in dissolved oxygen and the increases in ammonia in seawater were observed. In addition, the survival time was short at low temperature($0^{\circ}C\;and\;3^{\circ}C$). Almost all of the serum components(hemoglobin, glucose, LDH, GOT and GPT) of live plaice gradually increased during storage in cold-waterless conditions, and then those values decreased to the initial levels after $3{\sim}10hrs$ storage in conditions of recovery. The concentration of ATP in the muscle steadily decreased during storage in cold-waterless conditions. The contents of ADP and IMP seemed to be directly related to the extent of ATP breakdown. ADP and IMP thus showed a gradual increase during storage. The level of lactate in the muscles gradually increased during these storage times, also. On the other hand, the levels of those components in the muscle entirely recovered to their original levels within $3{\sim}6hrs$ storage after they were returned to conditions of recovery. The ratio of ATP to the ATP and its related compounds${ATP/(ATP+ADP+AMP+IMP){\times}100}$ in the muscle showed $45\%$ after 18hrs storage in cold-waterless conditions. Otherwise, ratios returned to their original levels within $3{\sim}6hrs$ of storage in recovery conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2017

Paulownia species has long been recognized in Korean traditional culture and the values of the species have been researched in various focuses. However, studies on distribution and ecological characteristics of the species are still needed. This study aimed to identify distribution trends and ecological characteristics of two Paulownia species in Busan metropolitan city using the MaxEnt model. The MaxEnt model was established based on the environmental factors such as positioning information of the Paulownia species, topography, climate and degree of anthropogenic disturbance potentiality (ADP), which was collected in the on-site research. The study verified that the accuracy of the model was appropriate as the AUC value of Paulownia coreana and P. tomentosa was 0.809, respectively. In terms of the distribution trends of the two Paulownia species in the research area depending on the distribution model, they were both mainly distributed in downtown where built-up area and bare ground were densely concentrated. The potential distribution area of the two species was identified as $137.4km^2$ for P. coreana and $135.0km^2$ for P. tomentosa. The distribution probability was high in Jung-gu, Dongrae-gu, Busanjin-gu and Yeonje-gu. As a result of the analysis on contribution of the environmental factors, it was turned out that the degree of anthropogenic disturbance potentiality (ADP) contributed to distribution of P. coreana and P. tomentosa by about 50%, and the contribution of the environmental factors had a positive correlation with the degree of ADP. The elevation had a negative correlation with both the two species, which was considered because the species must compete more with native species in natural habitats as the altitude above sea level rises. The research findings demonstrated numerically that the distribution of P.coreana and P. tomentosa depended on artificial activities, and indicated the relevance with the Korean traditional landscape. These findings are expected to provide meaningful information in using, preserving and restoring Paulownia species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of water temperature and photoperiod on oxygen consumption (OC) in the giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus. OC rate in the giant grouper at 17, 22, 27 and $32^{\circ}C$ were $61.7{\pm}0.4$, $72.2{\pm}0.6$, $102.9{\pm}0.8$ and $141.7{\pm}1.0mg\;O_2/kg/h$, respectively, indicating a linear increase in OC with water temperature. Photoperiod was regulated in accordance with the light (06:00~18:00 h, L) and dark (18:00~06:00 h, D) phases of the diel cycle (12L/12D), with a water temperature of at 17, 22, 27 and $32^{\circ}C$. OC rates during the light and dark phases were $62.7{\pm}0.4$, $62.5{\pm}0.3mg\;O_2/kg/h$, respectively, at $17^{\circ}C$. No significant differences were observed between the light and dark phases (P>0.05). OC raters during the light and dark phases were $74.8{\pm}0.7$, $69.6{\pm}0.6mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $22^{\circ}C$, $107{\pm}1.2$, $98.0{\pm}0.7mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $27^{\circ}C$ and $147.6{\pm}1.1$, $135.8{\pm}0.8mg\;O_2/kg/h$ at $32^{\circ}C$, respectively, indicating that OC is higher during daylight than nighttime. Giant grouper is thought to be a diurnal fish species, because the level of oxygen consumption during light period was higher than that during dark period.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidant effect of Chungkukjang supplementation against memory impairment and oxidative stress in scopolamine (2 mg/kg i.p)-injected mice was investigated. The experimental animals were divided into five groups and fed experimental diets for 12 weeks; normal diet group (C), scopolamine + normal diet group (S), scopolamine + 63.0% soybean Chungkukjang supplementation group (SS), scopolamine + 45.0% Yakkong Chungkukjang supplementation group (SY), and scopolamine + 50.0% black foods such as black rice, black sesame seeds, and sea tangle added Yakkong Chungkukjang group (SYB). For the results of food intake, body weight gain, and brain weights, levels of scopolamine-injected groups were lower than the levels of the control group. The reduced brain weight of the scopolamine-injected group (S) was regulated to control level by supplementation of three types Chungkukjang. In the oxidative stress indicator, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in serum of scopolamine-injected mice were higher than those of other groups. However, supplementation of soybeans, Yakkong and black foods added Yakkong Chungkukjang was proven to regulate them. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in serum showed no significant differences among the groups. The reduced levels of vitamin A and vitamin E in serum and brain tissue of scopolamine-injected mice were controlled by supplementation of three types of Chungkukjang. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of scopolamine-injected group was lower than those of other groups. However, TAC was significantly elevated by Chunggukjang supplementation. Therefore, antioxidative effects of soybeans, Yakkong, and black foods added Yakkong Chungkukjang supplementations against oxidative stress in scopolamine-injected in mice could expected.