• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.601-615
• /
• 2019

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, wall frames and columns, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle-sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on the axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents the results of 16 experimental tests, conducted on back-to-back built-up CFS screw fastened angle sections under axial compression. A nonlinear finite element model is then described, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and explicit modelling of the intermediate fasteners. The finite element model was validated against the experimental test results. The validated finite element model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study comprising 66 models. The effect of fastener spacing on axial strength was investigated. Four different cross-sections and two different thicknesses were analyzed in the parametric study, varying the slenderness ratio of the built-up columns from 20 to 120. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and finite element analysis were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparison showed that the DSM is over-conservative by 13% on average. This paper has therefore proposed improved design rules for the DSM and verified their accuracy against the finite element and test results of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections under axial compression.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.29-42
• /
• 2021

The utilization of buildings can be improved by extending them vertically. However, the added load of the extension might require building foundations to be underpinned; otherwise, the loads on the foundations might exceed their bearing capacity. In this study, a preloading method was presented aiming at transferring partial loads from existing piles to underpinning piles. A pneumatic-type model preloading device was developed and used to carry out centrifuge experiments to evaluate the load-displacement behavior of piles, the pile-soil interaction during preloading, and the additional loading caused by vertical extension. The results showed that the preloading devices effectively transfer load from existing piles to underpinning piles. In the additional loading test of group piles, the load-sharing ratio of a pile increased with its stiffness. The load-sharing ratio of a preloaded micropile was less than that of a non-preloaded micropile as a result of the reduction in axial stiffness caused by preloading before additional loading. Therefore, a slight reduction of the load-sharing capacity of an underpinning pile should be considered if the preloading method is applied. Further, two full scale preloading devices was developed. The devices preload underpinning piles and thereby produce reaction forces on a reaction frame to jack existing piles upward, thus transferring load from the existing piles to the underpinning piles. Specifically, screw-type and hydraulic-jack type devices were developed for the practical application of foundation underpinning during vertical extension, and their operability and load transfer effect verified via full-scale structural experiments.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.907-929
• /
• 2022

Compression experiments were conducted to investigate the compressive behavior of built-up open-section columns consisting of four cold-formed steel channels (BOCCFSs) of different lengths, thicknesses, and cross-section sizes (OB90 and OB140). The load-displacement curves, failure modes, and maximum compression strength values were analyzed in detail. The tests showed that the failure modes of the OB90 specimens transformed from a large deformation concentration induced by local buckling to flexural buckling with the increase in the slenderness ratio. The failure modes of all OB140 specimens were deformation concentration, except for one long specimen, whose failure mode was flexural buckling. When the slenderness ratios of the specimens were less than 55, the failure modes were controlled by local buckling. Finite element models were built using ABAQUS software and validated to further analyze the mechanical behavior of the BOCCFSs. A parametric study was conducted and used to explore a wide design space. The numerical analysis results showed that when the screw spacing was between 150 mm and 450 mm, the difference in the maximum compression strength values of the specimens was less than 4%. The applicability and effectiveness of the design methods in Chinese GB50018-2002 and AISI-S100-2016 for calculating the compression strength values of the BOCCFSs were evaluated. The prediction methods based on the assumptions produced predictions of the strength that were between 33% to 10% conservative as compared to the tests and the finite element analysis.

• 급식외식위생학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2022

This study investigated the microbiological hazards in the manufacturing processes of Naengmyeon. Sanitary indicative bacteria, such as aerobic plate counts and coliforms as well as pathogenic bacteria, were examined from raw materials, manufacturing processes, working area, 17 utensils and equipment. The aerobic plate counts for raw materials and arrowroot starch estimated as 0.77±0.68~5.02±0.28 and 5.02±0.28 log CFU/g, respectively. Coliforms were detected from wheat flour, buckwheat flour, and potato starch. Staphylococcus aureus was detected to be 0.61±1.06 log CFU/g in wheat flour and 0.20±0.35 log CFU/g in buckwheat flour. During the manufacturing process, aerobic plate counts for kneading process were 4.54±0.34 log CFU/g. But after the press out and heat process, contamination of aerobic plate counts and coliforms decreased and remained at a low level until the release process. Aerobic plate counts before washing disinfection of screw were 3.28±0.62 log CFU/100 cm², the level of which was high in utensils and equipment that had contact with employees or water. These results represent not only an important indicator for the hygienic level but also a scientific basis for analyzing biological hazards, which lead to the introduction of HACCP for the production of safe and hygienic cold noodles processed by manufacturers.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.637-648
• /
• 2023

When an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine bores a tunnel in gravelly sand stratum, the excavated natural soil is normally transformed using foam and water to reduce cutter wear and the risk of direct muck squeezing out of the screw conveyor (i.e., muck spewing). Understanding the undrained shear behavior of conditioned soils under pressure is a potential perspective for optimizing the earth pressure balance shield tunnelling strategies. Owing to the unconventional properties of conditioned soil, a pressurized vane shear apparatus was utilized to investigate the undrained shear behavior of foam-conditioned gravelly sands under normal pressure. The results showed that the shear stress-displacement curves exhibited strain-softening behavior only when the initial void ratio (e₀) of the foam-conditioned sand was less than the maximum void ratio (e_max) of the unconditioned sand. The peak and residual strength increased with an increase in normal pressure and a decrease in foam injection ratio. A unique relation between the void ratio and the shear strength in the residual stage was observed in the e-ln(τ) space. When e₀ was greater than e_max, the fluid-like specimens had quite low strengths. Besides, the stick-slip behavior, characterized by the variation coefficient of measured shear stress in the residual stage, was more evident under lower pressure but it appeared to be independent of the foam injection. A comparison between the results of pressurized vane shear tests and those of slump tests indicated that the slump test has its limitations to characterize the chamber muck fluidity and build the optimal conditioning parameters.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2022

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, transmission towers and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate welds or screw fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents an experimental investigation reported by the authors on back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with intermediate stiffeners under axial compression. The load-axial shortening behaviour along with the deformed shapes at failure are reported. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was then developed, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and modelling of intermediate fasteners. The FE model was validated against the experimental test results, which showed good agreement, both in terms of failure loads and deformed shapes at failure. The validated finite element model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study comprising 96 models to investigate the effect of longer to shorter leg ratios, stiffener provided in the longer leg, thicknesses and lengths on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. Four different thicknesses and seven different lengths (stub to slender columns) with three overall widths to the overall depth (B/D) ratios were investigated in the parametric study. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analyses were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparisons show that the current DSM is conservative by only 7% and 5% on average, while predicting the axial strengths of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with and without the stiffener, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.511-523
• /
• 2023

Canal-side roads frequently collapse due to an unexpectedly greater soft-clay thickness with a rapid drawdown situation. This causes annually increased repair and reconstruction costs. This paper aims to explore the effect of soft-clay thickness on the failure in the canal-side road in the case study of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya rural road no. 1043 (AY. 1043). Before the actual construction, a field vane shear test was performed to determine the undrained shear strength and identify the thickness of the soft clay at the AY. 1043 area. After establishing the usability of AY. 1043, the resistivity survey method was used to evaluate the thickness of the soft clay layer at the failure zone. The screw driving sounding test was used to evaluate the undrained shear strength for the road structure with a medium-stiff clay layer at the failure zone for applying to the numerical model. This model was simulated to confirm the effect of soft-clay thickness on the failure of the canal-side road. The monitoring and testing results showed the tendency of rapid drawdown failure when the canal-side road was located on > 9 m thick of soft clay with a sensitivity > 4.5. The result indicates that the combination of resistivity survey and field vane shear test can be successfully used to inspect the soft-clay thickness and sensitivity before construction. The preliminary design for preventing failure or improving the stability of the canal-side road should be considered before construction under the critical thickness and sensitivity values of the soft clay.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.373-384
• /
• 2022

To improve the seismic performance of suspended ceiling structures, various vibration-damping devices have been developed. However, the devices made of metals have a limit in that they cause large deformation and seriously damages the exterior of the suspended ceiling structure from the wall. As a results, their strengthening effect of the suspended ceiling structure was minimal. Thus, this study employed a spring and vibration-proof rubber effectively controlled vibrations without increasing horizontal seismic loads on the ceiling to enhance the seismic resistance of suspended ceiling structures. The objective of the study is to examine the dynamic properties of a seismic damping-isolation unit (SDI) with various details developed. The developed SDI was composed of a spring, embossed rubbers, and prestressed bolts, which were the main factors enhancing the damping effect. The shaking table tests were performed on eight SDI specimens produced with the number of layers of embossed rubber (n_s), presence or absence of a spring, prestressed force magnitude introduced in bolts (f_ps), and mass weight (W_m) as the main parameters. To identify the enhancement effect of the SDI, the dynamic properties of the control specimen with a conventional hanger bolt were compared to those of the SDI specimens. The SDI specimens were effective in reducing the maximum acceleration (A_{c max}), acceleration amplification factor (α_p), relative displacement (δ_R), and increasing the damping ratio (ξ) when compared to the control specimen. The A_{c max}, α_p, and δ_R of the SDI specimens with two rubbers, spring, and f_ps of 0.1f_by, where f_by is the yielding strength of the screw bolt were 57.8%, 58.0%, and 61.9% lower than those of the conventional hanger bolt specimens, respectively, resulting in the highest ξ (=0.127). In addition, the α_p of the SDI specimens was 50.8% lower than those specified in ASCE 7 and FEMA 356. Consequently, to accurately estimate the α_p of the SDI specimens, a simple model was proposed based on the functions of f_ps, stiffness constant of the spring (K), W_m, and n_s.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.3-44
• /
• 1986

목재(木材)파아티클과 성질(性質)이 전혀 다른 철선(鐵線)을 물리적(物理的)으로 결합(結合)시킴으로써 목재(木材)와 철재(鐵材)의 재료적(材料的) 특성(特性)을 서로 보완(補完)하여 목재(木材)파아티클과 철선(鐵線)의 새로운 복합체(複合體)인 목질(木質)-철선(鐵線)보오드를 제조(製造)하고 그 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하여 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 하였다. 메란티 합판제조폐재(合板製造廢材)을 이용(利用)한 팔만칩을 12mesh를 통과하고 20mesh체에 남는 큰 파아티클과 20mesh을 통과하고 60mesh체에 남는 작은 파아티클로 구분하여 요소수지를 분무한 다음, 굵기 1mm인 철선(鐵線)을 나비방향과 길이방향으로 1, 2 및 3층(層)으로 배열하여 성형(成型)하고 시험용(試驗用) 복합(複合) 파아티클 보오드를 제조하였다. 1층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드의 경우에는 철선간(鐵線間)의 배치간격(配置間隔)을 나비방향과 길이방향(方向)으로 각기 0.5cm, 1cm, 1.5cm, 2cm 및 2.5cm 등(等) 5가지로 하여 24가지의 철선구성방법(鐵線構成方法)으로 하였으며, 2층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成 )보오드는 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)을 1cm로 하였고 철선구성방법(鐵線構成方法)을 3가지로 하였으며, 3층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드는 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)을 1cm로 하고 철선구성방법(鐵線構成方法)을 11가지로 하여 제조(製造)한 보오드는 대조(對照)보오드를 포함(包含)하여 312개였다. 보오드를 성형(成型)한 열압온도(熱壓溫度) 160$^{\circ}C$, 악력(壓力) 35kgf/$cm^2$, 열압시간(熱壓時間) 9분(分)으로 하여 보오드를 제조(製造)하고 이 목질(木質) 철선복합(鐵線複合)보도드의 물리적(物理的) 및 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質)을 측정(測定)분석(分析)한 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 큰 파아티클과 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드에서 철선구성층수(鐵線構成層數) 및 구성철선(構成鐵線)의 수(數)가 많은 보오드일수록 그 비중(比重)은 컸었다. 2. 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드는 철선구성(鐵線構成)으로 인하여 두께팽창율(膨脹率)의 감소(減少)가 뚜렷하였으며 특히 철선구성층수(鐵線構成層數)가 많을수록 이 팽창율(膨脹率)은 더 개선되었다. 3. 큰 파아티클 및 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드 공(共)히 철선구성층수(鐵線構成層數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 철선(鐵線)의 강도적(强度的) 특성(特性)이 파아티클 휨강도(强度) 성질(性質)을 보강(補强)하여 파괴계수(破壞係數), 탄성계수(彈性係數), 휨 극한하중(極限荷重) 일량(量) 등(等)이 개선(改善)되었으며, 2층(層) 및 3층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드의 경우 보오드의 하층(下層)의 철선구성방향(鐵線構成方向)이 보오드의 길이방향(方向)과 일치(一致)하는 보오드가 특(特)히 큰 휨강도(强度) 향상(向上)을 보여 인장라미네이션을 얻었다. 4. 1층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드는 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)에 따른 개구면적(開口面積)과 파아티클의 크기에 따라 파괴계수(破壞係數), 탄성계수(彈性係數), 휨 극한하중(極限荷重) 일량(量) 등(等)이 다르게 나타났으나, 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드의 파괴계수(破壞係數)는 개구면적(開口面積)이 1.5~3$cm^2$이고, 나비 방향(方向)의 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)이 1~2cm이면서 길이방향(方向)의 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)이 1.5~2.5cm인 보오드가 높은 값을 나타냈고 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드의 파괴계수(破壞係數)는 개구면적(開口面積)이 0.5~1.5$cm^2$ 및 3.75~6.25$cm^2$이고 나비 방향(方向)의 철선간격(鐵線間隔)이 0.5cm이거나 2.5cm인 보오드가 높은 값을 나타냈다. 5. 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 1층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드의 탄성계수(彈性係數)는 개구면적(開口面積)이 1.5~3$cm^2$이고 나비방향(方向) 및 길이방향(方向)의 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)이 1~2.5cm에서 큰 값을 나타냈으며, 한편 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드의 탄성계수(彈性係數)는 개구면적(開口面積)이 0.75~1.25$cm^2$ 민 3~6.25$cm^2$이고, 나비방향(方向)의 철선구성간격(鐵線構成間隔)이 0.5 또는 2.5cm에서 큰 값을 나타내었다. 6. 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 1층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드의 휨 극한하중(極限荷重) 일량(量)은 개구면적(開口面積)이 1~3$cm^2$인 보오드가 큰 값을 보였고, 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드의 경우의 그것은 철선(鐵線)의 개구면적(開口面積)이 좁은 것이 크게 나타났다. 7. 박리저항(剝離抵抗) 및 나사못보지력(保持力)은 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 3층(層) 및 2층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드에서 대부분(大部分) 대조(對照)보오드보다 큰 값을 보였으나 작은 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 보오드에서는 뚜렷한 경향이 없었다. 큰 파아티클로 제조(製造)한 1층(層) 철선구성(鐵線構成)보오드의 박리저항(剝離抵抗) 및 나사못보지력(保持力)은 전체적으로 비슷한 수준(水準)을 보였고 작은 파아티클로 제조한 보오드에서는 개구면적(開口面積)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 박리저항(剝離抵抗)은 증가(增加)하고 나사못보지력(保持力)은 감소(減少)하는 현상(現象)을 보였다.