• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.161-177
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• 2009

This study aims to explore how teachers construct scientific explanation during instructional practices to help students' scientific inquiry. Before investigating teachers' classroom practices, elementary school science curriculum was examined to identify scientific concepts, particularly in earth science. Then, a total of six teachers' scientific explanation in actual teaching practices was analysed focusing on a) explanation of scientific concepts; b) rationale for scientific explanation; c) connection between scientific explanation and everyday explanation. The findings are as follows. First, the science curriculum provides $1{\sim}2$ main scientific concepts per unit, which are mostly appeared in the unit title. Those concepts and sub-concepts are not explicitly described but embedded in students' inquiry activities. Second, the teachers explain scientific concepts and discuss the rationale behind the scientific explanation, but rarely connect scientific explanation to everyday explanation. Also, the level of scientific explanations is low remaining level 1 or 2, not reaching 3, the highest level. Based on the results, the study suggests a) teachers need to provide explicit and clear explanations about scientific concepts; b) teachers are required to connect scientific explanation and everyday explanation; c) the level of teachers scientific explanation should be elevated by using an evidence, reasoning and claim, the components of scientific explanation as well as introducing new scientific concepts and inquiry activities.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between the patterns of elementary school teachers' explanations and the patterns of students' questions types on scientific phenomena. for the purposes of this study, we collected questions related to scientific phenomena from 255 $3rd{\sim}6th$ students in 2 elementary schools. Classifying the students' questions collected, 20 representative questions for each type were selected. Data regarding teachers' scientific explanation from 62 teachers of 3 elementary schools were also collected. The results of the analysis of the questions for each science field show that the students in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades have the most questions regarding biology, and those in the 6th grade have more questions regarding earth science. Regarding question types, object exploration questions and explican exploration questions formed the majority. Moreover, the higher the students' grades, a decrease in the number of conjectural questions and an increase in the number of causal questions were observed. As a result of the analysis of the teachers' explanation, the following explanation types could be discerned; conjecture, hypothesis, prediction, teleological explanation, information given to feed exploration questions, as well as verification and information supply fer verification purposes. There were 4 kinds of relationships between question types and explanation types. One was the explanation fitting to each question type, a second was the explanation with additional content than the question required, a third was where the explanation was inappropriate to the question, and a forth was where the teacher responded that they "don't know." This study, investigating the relationships between questioning as a scientific inquiry process and explanation, will help to promote discussion regarding science classes in elementary school.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.509-520
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• 2023

과학적 설명은 과학자의 과학적 실행에서 추구하는 주요한 목표이며 과학교육 과정 문서에서도 학생의 과학적 설명 구성 능력을 주요한 목표로 포함하고 있다. 따라서 그 의미를 명료화하는 것은 과학교육 공동체에서 중요한 문제이다. 이 논문에서는 주제 범위 문헌 고찰 방법을 사용하여 '과학적 설명'에 대한 3가지 관점을 추출하고 각각에 대해 고찰하였다(연역-법칙적 설명 모델, 확률론적 설명 모델, 실용적 설명 모델). 그리고 문헌 고찰 내용을 바탕으로 과학적 설명이 과학교육에서 사용하는 다른 개념들, 즉 '기술', '예상', '추론', '가설', '논증'과 어떤 점에서 유사하고 어떤 점에서 구분되는지 논의하면서 이러한 용어들의 의미를 구분하여 사용하는 것이 과학교육 연구와 실행에서 중요하다는 점을 주장하였다. 또 산물로서의 '과학적 설명'과 의사소통으로서 '과학적으로 설명하기'가 차이가 있음을 지적하고, 과학 교육과정의 성취기준 진술 방안, 학생의 과학적 설명 구성을 돕는 방안, 학생의 과학적 설명하기를 돕는 방안을 몇 가지 제안하였다. 예를 들어, 세 가지 과학적 설명 모델에 따라 각각 중요하게 고려해야 할 요인들을 구분하여 정리하고, 그러한 요인을 고려한 과학적 설명을 위한 과학 학습활동 사례를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서의 논의가 과학적 설명과 관련된 과학 학습에서 좀 더 분명하게 학습 목표를 설명하고 그에 따라 보다 적절한 학습활동을 설계하는 데 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.96-108
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate how prospective elementary school teachers perceived teacher's inquiryoriented teaching practice, with an emphasis on students' scientific explanations based on scientific evidence. For this study, 94 prospective elementary school teachers were participated. 14 among 94 participants had chances to intensively experience this particular teaching methods for 15 weeks. All of the 94 participants observed the intended science teaching practice for 4th graders in two different elementary schools, which utilized the science talks emphasizing students' scientific explanation activity. For quantitative data analysis, they were asked to provide their reaction to the science teaching methods after their classroom observation. For qualitative data analysis, 5 among the participants, who had relatively long term experience with this teaching practice, were chosen to interview in order to understand their individual reasons of the ways they perceived about the inquiry-oriented teaching methods boosting students' scientific explanation. The results show that the prospective elementary teachers generally thought the emphasis of students' scientific explanation based on scientific evidence could enhance young elementary students' science content understanding, stimulate their curiosity/interests, and further develop their ability to engage actively in scientific discussions. However, some prospective teachers tended to think that the science teaching. methods would not be effective in terms of managing science classes, though. This study concludes that the prospective teachers tended to hold an endemic dilemma. On the one hand, they had their clear preference to the inquiry-oriented teaching practice as the most ideal teaching methods. On the other hand, they also had their persistent hesitance in using these methods due to their fear that elementary students might not adequately grasp the important science content when engaged in scientific discourse through an inquiry-oriented class.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to see the influences of POE science class that emphasizes explanation on science research ability, motivation of science class as well as scientific attitude of elementary students. The results drawn from this analysis were as below. Firstly, positive relationship was found between science research ability and POE science class was shown among research group. This shows that science research ability was improved as POE science class encouraged the research activities of students. It indicates that POE science class emphasizing explanation is effective in improving science research ability of students. Secondly, positive relationship was found between motivation of science class and POE science class among research group and this means that POE science class that emphasizes explanation stimulates intellectual curiosity of students and improves their attitude by actively promoting research activities. Thirdly, there was a positive relationship between scientific attitude and POE science class among research group. This presents that POE science class emphasizing explanation is effective in improving students' attitude toward science by promoting research activities. Above results show that POE science class emphasizing explanation is highly effective for elementary students. It is considered that scientific writing, discussion and debate classes have positive influences on research ability, motivation of science class and scientific attitude of elementary students. Thus, it is needed to apply POE science class to current science class as it can promote wider scientific activities among students.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.637-645
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• 2006

This study reviewed and discussed the nature of scientific hypothesis described in philosophy, the philosophy of science, science, and science education. In these descriptions, a hypothesis was defined as one of five types: hypothesis as an assumption, hypothesis as a prediction, hypothesis as a tentative explanation, hypothesis as a tentative law, and hypothesis as a tentative causal explanation. Most scholars agreed that a hypothesis is a proposition or a set of propositions proposed as an explanation for an observed situation. In this view, a hypothesis is a possible answer to or an explanation of a question that accounts for all the observed facts. Also, it is a statement that explains why things happen in nature or an explanation for an observation that can be tested. In the five types of hypothesis meanings, a tentative explanation includes a tentative law and a tentative causal explanation. However, tentative laws are not explanation but description which are general statements drawn from specific experiences by way of a process known as induction. A number of studies also have distinguished hypothesis from assumption, tentative explanation, tentative law, and prediction. Therefore, a hypothesis is concluded to be a proposition or a set of propositions proposed as a tentative causal explanation for an observed situation.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.497-512
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• 2023

과학적 설명 구성은 과학의 본질적 실행임에도 불구하고 교사들은 과학적 설명의 형식적 구조에 익숙하지 않으며 좋은 과학적 설명을 평가하는 기준 역시 지니고 있지 못한 경우가 많다. 그에 따라 본 연구는 과학적 설명의 개념을 명료히 하고 과학적 설명 구성을 안내할 수 있는 과학적 설명 구성 도구를 제안하고 이 도구가 예비교사들의 응결 현상에 대한 설명 수준 변화에 미치는 영향을 탐색하였다. 연구 결과 총 네 단계의 설명 구성 수준 중 상당수의 예비교사는 사전에 기술(description) 수준에 머물렀으나 이 도구의 활용을 통해 연관적(associative) 수준 이상의 설명을 구성하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이 도구는 예비교사들이 현상을 설명하기 위한 개념적 틀을 정립하고 논리적 설명과 미시적 해석을 이끄는 어포던스를 지니는 것으로 분석되었다. 이 연구는 예비교사들이 과학적 설명에 대한 형식과 준거를 이해하고 이를 자신의 설명 구성에 적용할 수 있음을 보여주었다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다. 앞으로 다양한 주제와 분과 영역에서 예비교사들의 과학적 설명 수준 향상을 위한 노력이 수반되어야 할 것이며, 나아가 예비교사들에게 실제적인 환경 속에서 학생들이 과학적 설명을 구성할 수 있도록 장려하는 수업 경험을 제공할 필요가 있다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.724-735
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to confirm correlation between elementary school students' VARK Learning styles test and Scientific Communication Skills through VARK questionnaire (version 7.3) for Youngers and Scientific Communication Skills Test. The subjects were 99 in 6th grade students of an elementary school located in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The results of this study were as follows: 64% of the students had multiple learning styles, but only 36% of the students preferred a single mode of information presentation. Among students had a single mode preference, the aural ("A") was the highest unimodal preference. Among "V(visual)" mode, "A" mode, "R(read/write)" mode, and "K(kinesthetic)" mode, "A" mode was the commonest learning mode which students had. In Scientific Communication Skills Test, students' overall average was 26.19p [scientific explanation type (11.85p), scientific insistence type (14.34p)]. Girls' scores were higher than boys in scientific explanation type, but not in scientific insistence type. The scores by communication forms were Text (5.67p), Number (6.87p), Table (6.15p), and Picture (7.49p). Girls' scores were higher than boys in Text and Picture forms but not in Number and Table forms. In result of correlation analysis (Spearman's rho) between VARK Learning Styles and the types & forms of Scientific Communication Skills, there were common correlation in "Read/write (R) learning style-Scientific insistence type", "Read/write (R) learning style-Grounds of Scientific insistence", "Read/write (R) learning style-Description of Scientific explanation", and "R learning style-Text form".

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Factors and causal structures of pre-service elementary teachers about the critical thinking and the scientific literacy competency were investigated in this study. The third grade university students and the first grade university students in the metropolitan city participated in this study. The factor analysis method and the structural equation modeling method were used for the data analysis, and the following results were obtained. First, the third grade university students and the first grade university students recognized 'inquisitive thinking' factor and 'reflective thinking' factor as factors of the critical thinking, and 'scientific explanation' factor and 'evidence-based conclusion' factor as factors of the scientific literacy competency respectively. Second, the third grade university students showed more the influence from 'reflective thinking' factor to 'scientific explanation' factor and from 'reflective thinking' factor to 'evidence-based conclusion' factor than the first grade university students.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.634-649
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• 2003

본 연구는 초등학생들의 과학적 증거와 설명에 대한 이해 진단을 목적으로 하였다. 과학적 증거의 수집, 자료의 객관성, 증거의 관련성, 자료 해석, 지식과 증거, 반복 관찰 이렇게 6개의 하위 탐구 능력이 Jeong, Songer와 Lee(2002)가 미국의 6학년 학생들의 과학적 탐구 능력을 측정하기 위해 개발한 문항을 사용하여 진단되었다. 춘천시에 소재한 초등학교 6학년 학생들을 대상으로 자료를 수집한 결과, 전체적으로 약 절반에 해당하는 학생들에게서 체계적인 과학적 사고 능력이 결여되어 있음이 드러났다. 특히 학생들은 지식과 관련되는 구체적인 예나 증거를 연결하는 것을 어려워했고, 반복관찰의 개념에 대해 잘 모르고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에 참가한 학생들의 수가 적고 지역적 특성으로 인해 본 연구의 결과를 우리나라 초등학생의 전반적 과학적 탐구 능력으로 일반화하기는 어렵지만, 본 연구의 결과는 초등학생의 과학적 탐구 능력이 아직 만족할 만한 수준은 아니며, 이들의 탐구력 신장을 위해서 체계적인 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.