• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.101-116
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• 2018

지속가능성과학은 다양한 학문 배경과 관심을 가진 과학자, 전문직 종사자 및 이해당사자들 간의 소통과 협력뿐 아니라 결정론적 환원주의적 접근에서 오래전 기본으로의 패러다임 전환이 요구되는 떠오르는 초학문적 연구다. 생태-사회시스템은 많은 구성성분(또는 행위자)들로 이루어져 이들의 국지 규모의 무작위 상호작용이 자연스럽게 시스템 전체 규모의 질서를 만들어내는 공진화하는 복잡계다. 여기서, 시스템과 주변환경 간의 에너지와 물질과 정보의 흐름이 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 통신에서는 이렇게 계속 변화하는 역동적 시스템, 즉 '자기-조직화하는 계층구조의 열린 시스템(SOHOs)'의 개념적 틀을 소개한다. 먼저 SOHOs의 구조와 기능성을 이해하기 위해 물리학의 두 기본 법칙을 다시 논의한다. 두 법칙의 재해석을 통해 시스템의 운명과 지속가능성을 향한 보다 나은 경로, 또한 생태계의 온전함과 사회의 비전/가치 추구를 어떻게 조화시킬 것인가에 대한 이해를 돕고자한다. 그 다음에 소위 '비저니어링(V)'이라는 틀을 되먹임/전방급전(feedback/feedforward) 루프로 SOHOs 틀에 통합시켜서, '슬쩍 찌르는(nudged) 자기-조직화'가 시스템을 구성하는 행위자들이 합력하여 지속가능한 생태-사회 시스템을 이루어 가도록 유도한다. 마지막으로, SOHOs-V의 적용사례로서, 현재 탄자니아의 농촌마을에서 진행되고 있는 미래지구의 지속가능발전목표 연구실(SDG Lab)인 '농촌시스템 비저니어링(Rural Systems Visioneering)'을 예로 제시하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.939-961
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• 2016

멸종위기야생식물의 효과적인 보전을 위해서는 종이 소유하는 특성과 더불어 각 분포지에서 나타나는 환경요인과의 상호작용에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 먼저 분포특성을 조사하였고 석호의 분포지를 중심으로 4년간에 걸친 모니터링을 실시하였다. 또한 토양과 빛 조건에 따른 월동아, 열매 및 종자 생산특성을 비교하였다. 다음으로 재배실험에서 생산된 종자를 이용한 발아실험을 통해 종에 대한 정보를 확보하였다. 갯봄맞이꽃은 우리나라가 세계적인 분포의 가장자리에 해당하며 4개의 분포지는 서로 먼 거리에 격리되어 분포하였다. 2개의 분포지는 해안의 바위지대에 형성된 소규모 습지와 미사 퇴적지에 위치하였고 다른 2개 분포지는 하구가 바다와 연결되어 있는 석호에서 모래로 구성된 입지에 분포하였다. 갯봄맞이꽃은 염분과 주기적인 침수 그리고 낮은 토양층에 따라 경쟁관계에 있는 식물의 침입과 생육이 억제되는 공간에 분포하는 것으로 보였다. 갯봄맞이꽃은 월동아에 의한 보충과 종자에 의한 유묘 보충에 의해 개체군이 유지되었다. 월동아의 생산은 토양의 유기물과 더불어 모래의 입자에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 추정되었다. 종자에 의한 유묘 보충은 호수의 가장자리에 있는 모래언덕 배후에 위치한 염습지에서만 관찰되었다. 갯봄맞이꽃 개체군 마다 서로 다른 위협요인이 존재하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 포항의 개체군은 해안도로의 개설로 월동아의 보충에 영향을 미치는 미사의 퇴적현상이 제거된 것으로 보였다. 울산의 개체군은 분포지로 유입되는 용출수의 단절로 경쟁종의 급격한 확대와 갯봄맞이꽃 분포 면적의 축소가 나타났다. 반면에 석호의 분포지는 비교적 안정적인 개체군을 유지하였다. 특별히 송지호의 개체군은 가장 안정적인 개체군으로 판단되었다. 석호에 분포하는 갯봄맞이꽃 개체군의 지속을 위해서는 석호가 소유하는 바닷물의 유입과 주기적인 침수를 포함하는 기작이 잘 유지되도록 광역적인 규모에서의 보전활동이 필요함을 제안하였다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2004

There are significant differences in the extent of drug interactions between subjects. The influence of the genetic make up of drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP3A5, CYP2C19 and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase) on the pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential were studied in vivo. Nineteen healthy volunteers were grouped with regard to the $CYP3A5^{*}3$ allele, into homozygous wild-type (CYP3A5^{*}1/1^{*}1$, n=6), heterozygous $(CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}3$, n=6), and homozygous variant-type $(CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$, n=7) subject groups. The pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous midazolam was characterized before and after itraconazole administration (200 mg once daily for 4 days), and also following rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. For omeprazole and moclobemide pharmacokinetic interaction study 16 healthy volunteers were recruited. The volunteer group comprised 8 extensive metabolizers and 8 poor metabolizers of CYP2C19, which was confirmed by genotyping. Subjects were randomly allocated into two sequence groups, and a single-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study was performed. In study I, a placebo was orally administered for 7 days. On the eighth morning, 300 mg of moclobemide and 40 mg of placebo were coadministered with 200 mL of water, and a pharmacokinetic study was performed. During study n, 40 mg of omeprazole was given each morning instead of placebo, and pharmacokinetic studies were performed on the first and eighth day with 300 mg of moclobemide coadministration. In the UGT study pharmacokinetics and dynamics of 2 mg intravenous lorazepam were evaluated before and after rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. The subjective and objective pharmacodynamic tests were done before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs after lorazepam administration. The pharmacokinetic profiles of midazolam and of its hydroxy metabolites did not show differences between the genotype groups under basal and induced metabolic conditions. However, during the inhibited metabolic state, the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$ group showed a greater decrease in systemic clearance than the $CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}1$ group $(8.5\pm3.8$ L/h/70 kg vs. $13.5\pm2.7$ L/h/70 kg, P=0.027). The 1'-hydroxymidazolam to midazolam AUC ratio was also significantly lower in the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$,/TEX> group $(0.58\pm0.35,$ vs. $1.09\pm0.37$ for the homozygous wild-type group, P=0.026). The inhibition of moclo-bemide metabolism was significant in extensive metabolizers even after a single dose of omeprazole. After daily administration of omeprazole for 1 week, the pharmacokinetic parameters of moclobemide and its metabolites in extensive metabolizers changed to values similar to those in poor metabolizers. In poor meta-bolizers, no remarkable changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters were observed. The area under the time-effect curves of visual analog scale(VAS), choice reaction time, and continuous line tracking test results of lorazepam was reduced by 20%, 7%, 23% respectively in induced state, and in spite of large interindividual variablity, significant statistical difference was shown in VAS(repeated measures ANOVA, p=0.0027).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1619-1637
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• 2000

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the range of beak-trimming methods available or under development. Beak-trimming of commercial layer replacement pullets is a common yet critical management tool that can affect the performance for the life of the flock. The most obvious advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in cannibalism although the extent of the reduction in cannibalism depends on the strain, season, and type of housing, flock health and other factors. Beak-trimming also improves feed conversion by reducing food wastage. A further advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in the chronic stress associated with dominance interactions in the flock. Beak-trimming of birds at 7-10 days is favoured by Industry but research over last 10 years has shown that beak-trimming at day-old causes the least stress on birds and efforts are needed to encourage Industry to adopt the practice of beak-trimming birds at day-old. Proper beak-trimming can result in greatly improved layer performance but improper beak-trimming can ruin an other wise good flock of hens. Re-trimming is practiced in most flocks, although there are some flocks that only need one trimming. Given the continuing welfare scrutiny of using a hot blade to cut the beak, attempts have been made to develop more welfare friendly methods of beak-trimming. Despite the developments in design of hot blade beak-trimmers the process has remained largely unchanged. That is, a red-hot blade cuts and cauterises the beak. The variables in the process are blade temperature, cauterisation time, operator ability, severity of trimming, age of trimming, strain of bird and beak length. This method of beak-trimming is still overwhelmingly favoured in Industry and there appears to be no other alternative procedures that are more effective. Sharp secateurs have been used trim the upper beak of both layers and turkeys. Bleeding from the upper mandible ceases shortly after the operation, and despite the regrowth of the beak a reduction of cannibalism has been reported. Very few differences have been noted between behaviour and production of the hot blade and cold blade cut chickens. This method has not been used on a large scale in Industry. There are anecdotal reports of cannibalism outbreaks in birds with regrown beaks. A robotic beak-trimming machine was developed in France, which permitted simultaneous, automated beak-trimming and vaccination of day-old chicks of up to 4,500 chickens per hour. Use of the machine was not successful because if the chicks were not loaded correctly they could drop off the line, receive excessive beak-trimming or very light trimming. Robotic beak-trimming was not effective if there was a variation in the weight or size of chickens. Capsaicin can cause degeneration of sensory nerves in mammals and decreases the rate of beak regrowth by its action on the sensory nerves. Capsaicin is a cheap, non-toxic substance that can be readily applied at the time of less severe beak-trimming. It suffers the disadvantage of causing an extreme burning sensation in operators who come in contact with the substance during its application to the bird. Methods of applying the substance to minimise the risk to operators of coming in contact with capsaicin need to be explored. A method was reported which cuts the beaks with a laser beam in day-old chickens. No details were provided on the type of laser used, or the severity of beak-trimming, but by 16 weeks the beaks of laser trimmed birds resembled the untrimmed beaks, but without the bill tip. Feather pecking and cannibalism during the laying period were highest among the laser trimmed hens. Currently laser machines are available that are transportable and research to investigate the effectiveness of beak-trimming using ablasive and coagulative lasers used in human medicine should be explored. Liquid nitrogen was used to declaw emu toes but was not effective. There was regrowth of the claws and the time and cost involved in the procedure limit the potential of using this process to beak-trim birds.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.131-134
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• 2003

There are significant differences in the extent of drug interactions between subjects. The influence of the genetic make up of drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP3A5, CYP2C19 and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase) on the pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential were studied in vivo. Nineteen healthy volunteers were grouped with regard to the $CYP3A5^{*}3$ allele, into homozygous wild-type (CYP3A5^{*}1/1^{*}1$, n=6), heterozygous $(CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}3$, n=6), and homozygous variant-type $(CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$, n=7) subject groups. The pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous midazolam was characterized before and after itraconazole administration (200 mg once daily for 4 days), and also following rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. For omeprazole and moclobemide pharmacokinetic interaction study 16 healthy volunteers were recruited. The volunteer group comprised 8 extensive metabolizers and 8 poor metabolizers of CYP2C19, which was confirmed by genotyping. Subjects were randomly allocated into two sequence groups, and a single-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study was performed. In study I, a placebo was orally administered for 7 days. On the eighth morning, 300 mg of moclobemide and 40 mg of placebo were coadministered with 200 mL of water, and a pharmacokinetic study was performed. During study n, 40 mg of omeprazole was given each morning instead of placebo, and pharmacokinetic studies were performed on the first and eighth day with 300 mg of moclobemide coadministration. In the UGT study pharmacokinetics and dynamics of 2 mg intravenous lorazepam were evaluated before and after rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. The subjective and objective pharmacodynamic tests were done before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs after lorazepam administration. The pharmacokinetic profiles of midazolam and of its hydroxy metabolites did not show differences between the genotype groups under basal and induced metabolic conditions. However, during the inhibited metabolic state, the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$ group showed a greater decrease in systemic clearance than the $CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}1$ group $(8.5\pm3.8$ L/h/70 kg vs. $13.5\pm2.7$ L/h/70 kg, P=0.027). The 1'-hydroxymidazolam to midazolam AUC ratio was also significantly lower in the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$,/TEX> group $(0.58\pm0.35,$ vs. $1.09\pm0.37$ for the homozygous wild-type group, P=0.026). The inhibition of moclo-bemide metabolism was significant in extensive metabolizers even after a single dose of omeprazole. After daily administration of omeprazole for 1 week, the pharmacokinetic parameters of moclobemide and its metabolites in extensive metabolizers changed to values similar to those in poor metabolizers. In poor meta-bolizers, no remarkable changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters were observed. The area under the time-effect curves of visual analog scale(VAS), choice reaction time, and continuous line tracking test results of lorazepam was reduced by 20%, 7%, 23% respectively in induced state, and in spite of large interindividual variablity, significant statistical difference was shown in VAS(repeated measures ANOVA, p=0.0027).

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-51
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• 2008

Researchers have been continuously interested in the adoption of information technology (IT) since it is of great importance to the information systems success and it is also an important stage to the success. Adoption alone, however, does not ensure information systems success because it does not necessarily lead to achieving organizational or individual objectives. When an organization or an individual decide to adopt certain information technologies, they have objectives to accomplish by using those technologies. Adoption itself is not the ultimate goal. The period after adoption is when users continue to use IT and intended objectives can be accomplished. Therefore, continued IT use in the post-adoption period accounts more for the accomplishment of the objectives and thus information systems success. Previous studies also suggest that continued IT use in the post-adoption period is one of the important factors to improve long-term productivity. Despite the importance there are few empirical studies focusing on the user behavior of continued IT use in the post-adoption period. User behavior in the post-adoption period is different from that in the pre-adoption period. According to the technology acceptance model, which explains well about the IT adoption, users decide to adopt IT assessing the usefulness and the ease of use. After adoption, users are exposed to new experiences and they shape new beliefs different from the thoughts they had before. Users come to make decisions based on their experiences of IT use whether they will continue to use it or not. Most theories about the user behaviors in the pre-adoption period are limited in describing them after adoption since they do not consider user's experiences of using the adopted IT and the beliefs formed by those experiences. Therefore, in this study, we explore user's experiences and beliefs in the post-adoption period and examine how they affect user's intention to continue to use IT. Through deep literature reviews on the construction of subjective beliefs by experiences, we draw three meaningful constructs which theoretically have great impacts on the continued use of IT: perceived habit, confirmation, and computer self-efficacy. Then, we examine the role of the subjective beliefs on the cognitive/affective attitudes and intention to continue to use that IT. We set up a research model and conducted survey research. Since IT use implies interactions among a user, IT, and a task, we carefully selected the sample of users using same/similar IT to perform same/similar tasks, to exclude unwanted influences of other factors than subjective beliefs on the IT use. We also considered that the sample of users were able to make decisions to continue to use IT volitionally or at least quasi-volitionally. For each construct, we used measurement items recognized for reliability and widely used in the previous research. We slightly modified some items proper to the research context and a pilot test was carried out for forty users of a portal service in a university. We performed a full-scale survey after verifying the reliability of the measurement. The results show that the intention to continue to use IT is strongly influenced by cognitive/affective attitudes, perceived habits, and computer self-efficacy. Confirmation affects the intention to continue indirectly through cognitive/affective attitudes. All the constructs representing the subjective beliefs built by the experiences of IT use have direct and/or indirect impacts on the intention of users. The results also show that the attitudes in the post-adoption period are formed, at least partly, by the experiences of IT use and newly shaped beliefs after adoption. The findings suggest that subjective beliefs built by the experiences have deep impacts on the continued use. The results of the study signify that while experiencing IT in the post-adoption period users form new beliefs, attitudes, and intentions which may be different from those of the pre-adoption period. The results of this study partly demonstrate that the beliefs shaped by the behaviors, those are the experiences of IT use, influence users' attitudes and intention. The results also suggest that behaviors (experiences) also change attitudes while attitudes shape behaviors. If we combine the findings of this study with the results of the previous research on IT adoption, we can propose a cycle of IT adoption and use where behavior shapes attitude, the attitude forms new behavior, and that behavior shapes new attitude. Different from the previous research, the study focused on the user experience after IT adoption and empirically demonstrated the strong influence of the subjective beliefs formed in the post-adoption period on the continued use. This partly confirms the differences between attitudes in the pre-adoption and in the post-adoption period. Users continuously change their attitudes and intentions while experiencing (using) IT. Therefore, to make users adopt IT and to make them use IT after adoption is a different problem. To encourage users to use IT after adoption, experiential variables such as perceived habit, confirmation, and computer self-efficacy should be managed properly.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.404-417
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 수생태계 환경 지표로써 윤충류 군집의 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 부영양화 진행 정도에 따른 윤충류 군집의 반응 양상을 분석하였다. 윤충류 군집의 시,공간적 분포와 수질과의 관계를 평가하기 위해 지리상 인접하게 위치해 있으나 수질 항목 및 부영양화 정도가 서로 다른 충청남도 소재의 전대저수지와 초대저수지를 연구 대상지로 선정하였다. 분석을 위해 두 저수지에서 2013년 4월부터 11월까지 수질 및 윤충류 군집의 월별 조사를 실시하여 상관관계 분석 및 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 윤충류 군집은 종 조성과 기능성 그룹 조성으로 나누어 적용하였으며, 기능성 그룹의 경우 섭식 성향을 대변할 수 있는 트로피(trophi)의 구조와 형태 및 개체 크기, 생태를 고려하여 분류하였다. 분석 결과, 종을 기반으로 한 조성의 경우 일관적인 경향이 나타나지 않았으나, 기능성 그룹 조성의 경우 부영양화 정도에 따른 그룹 특이적 증감 경향이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 수생태계, 특히 과영양 상태의 저수지에 대한 환경지표로써 윤충류 기능성 그룹 조성의 활용 가능성을 제시한다. 반면, 본 연구에서는 제한된 연구 지점에서의 현장 결과를 바탕으로 하고 있어, 향후 윤충류 기능성 그룹의 섭식 성향에 따른 환경 적응과 관련한 추가 연구가 이루어진다면 윤충류 군집을 수생태계 내 다양한 변화의 모니터링과 평가 및 비교에 적용 가능할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2003년도 제20회 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.91-93
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• 2003

A comprehensive numerical study is carried out to investigate for the understanding of the flow evolution and flame development in a supersonic combustor with normal injection of ncumally injecting hydrogen in airsupersonic flows. The formulation treats the complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration for a multi-component chemically reacting system. For the numerical simulation of supersonic combustion, multi-species Navier-Stokes equations and detailed chemistry of H2-Air is considered. It also accommodates a finite-rate chemical kinetics mechanism of hydrogen-air combustion GRI-Mech. 2.11[1], which consists of nine species and twenty-five reaction steps. Turbulence closure is achieved by means of a k-two-equation model (2). The governing equations are spatially discretized using a finite-volume approach, and temporally integrated by means of a second-order accurate implicit scheme (3-5).The supersonic combustor consists of a flat channel of 10 cm height and a fuel-injection slit of 0.1 cm width located at 10 cm downstream of the inlet. A cavity of 5 cm height and 20 cm width is installed at 15 cm downstream of the injection slit. A total of 936160 grids are used for the main-combustor flow passage, and 159161 grids for the cavity. The grids are clustered in the flow direction near the fuel injector and cavity, as well as in the vertical direction near the bottom wall. The no-slip and adiabatic conditions are assumed throughout the entire wall boundary. As a specific example, the inflow Mach number is assumed to be 3, and the temperature and pressure are 600 K and 0.1 MPa, respectively. Gaseous hydrogen at a temperature of 151.5 K is injected normal to the wall from a choked injector.A series of calculations were carried out by varying the fuel injection pressure from 0.5 to 1.5MPa. This amounts to changing the fuel mass flow rate or the overall equivalence ratio for different operating regimes. Figure 1 shows the instantaneous temperature fields in the supersonic combustor at four different conditions. The dark blue region represents the hot burned gases. At the fuel injection pressure of 0.5 MPa, the flame is stably anchored, but the flow field exhibits a high-amplitude oscillation. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.0 MPa, the Mach reflection occurs ahead of the injector. The interaction between the incoming air and the injection flow becomes much more complex, and the fuel/air mixing is strongly enhanced. The Mach reflection oscillates and results in a strong fluctuation in the combustor wall pressure. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.5MPa, the flow inside the combustor becomes nearly choked and the Mach reflection is displaced forward. The leading shock wave moves slowly toward the inlet, and eventually causes the combustor-upstart due to the thermal choking. The cavity appears to play a secondary role in driving the flow unsteadiness, in spite of its influence on the fuel/air mixing and flame evolution. Further investigation is necessary on this issue. The present study features detailed resolution of the flow and flame dynamics in the combustor, which was not typically available in most of the previous works. In particular, the oscillatory flow characteristics are captured at a scale sufficient to identify the underlying physical mechanisms. Much of the flow unsteadiness is not related to the cavity, but rather to the intrinsic unsteadiness in the flowfield, as also shown experimentally by Ben-Yakar et al. [6], The interactions between the unsteady flow and flame evolution may cause a large excursion of flow oscillation. The work appears to be the first of its kind in the numerical study of combustion oscillations in a supersonic combustor, although a similar phenomenon was previously reported experimentally. A more comprehensive discussion will be given in the final paper presented at the colloquium.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.73-94
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• 2010

개방병원에 환자의 입원을 의뢰한 담당 의사들은 환자들의 상태와 제대로 된 간호서비스를 받고 있는지에 대한 정보를 간호기록을 열람함으로써 확인할 수 있다. 하지만 간호기록은 병원의 내부자료로써 외부기관에 쉽게 공개할 수 없는 자료이고 표준화가 확립되어 있지 않아 병원별로 다르게 작성되고 있어 필요한 정보를 공유하는데 많은 어려움이 따른다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 개방병원 간호기록의 작성과 공유를 지원하기 위한 시스템을 개발하고자 하였다. 본 시스템은 우선 간호기록을 실제로 작성하는 간호사의 편의성을 고려하여 간호기록항목사전을 설정하게 하고 간호사와 의사간의 지능형 에이전트를 이용한 협상으로 작성과 공개의 항목을 확정하도록 하였다. 이 모든 과정은 의료기관간의 네트워킹을 지원할 수 있도록 웹기반시스템으로 설계되었고 실제 구현을 통하여 실현가능성을 확인하였다.