• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

Sawmilling industry remained a high risk with the average 4.73% of industrial accidents in 2010-2012 that was eight times that of general manufacturing. Sawmilling industry had 200 industrial accidents victim in average. Manufacturing process in sawmill industry contained dangerous machinery such as conveyors, roller, saw ( band saw, circular saw) etc. It may be effective to figure out the type of industrial accidents occurred in the past and extend risk assessment which can predict hazard such as near miss when implementing exposure or potential dangers in sawmill industry. This study conducted research on the actual condition on the place of industrial accident occurrence, detailed work and contact object when injured, and injured part targeting 643 businesses which had industrial accidents in 2010-2012. As the results, RPN of general sawmill industry was the highest 'ganglip saw' with 36,157. RPN of the following order were 'moving truck' with 25,454, 'special machining operations' with 22,283. Also, probability of general sawmill industry was a lots within 1 year, while risk appeared a lots within 5 years. So, risk assessment shall be needed to emphasis on accident prevention of sawmill industry. And additional work will be needed on the risk assessment in hazard prevention work of supervisors.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권2호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2007

This study is conducted to investigate the factors affecting lumber conversion rate of sawmill industry in South Korea. Data were obtained from the survey of 38 sawmills in all geographic regions of South Korea. The variables examined in this study were region, softwood/hardwood log, domestic/imported/both log, the number of power-driven carriages (PDC) installed, the year when and country where PDCs was manufactured, the horse power of PDC, the number of labors required to operate each PDC, the sawing capacity of mill (mill size), and the types of major product and by-products. The lumber recovery factor (LRF) of sawmills were significantly influenced by the origin of logs, level of PDC automation, sawmill size, and size of logs (measured in diameter and length) while not by the location of the mill, types of major product and by-product, log species, and characteristics of PDC. Although these results provide useful information for understanding the technological characteristics of the Korean sawmill industry, further investigation with larger sample is necessary to reveal the more reliable characteristics of sawmill industry in South Korea.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권3호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2006

이 연구는 국내 제재 산업에서 생산요소의 가격변화가 기술변화에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는지 알아보기 위한 연구다. 이론적 모델로는 초월대수 비용함수(Translog Cost Function)를 이용하였으며 1970년부터 2003년까지 시계열 자료를 이용한 계량경제분석을 통해 생산요소 가격의 변화가 한국의 제재 산업의 기술적 특성에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 추정하였다. 추정결과에서 국내 제재산업은 생산구조에서 노동, 자본이 서로에 대해 대체 관계를 가지고 있고, 특히 자본재가 노동력을 대체하는 수단으로 보다 탄력적으로 변화되었다. 또한, 노동가격의 상승으로 인해 국내제재산업은 노동절약적, 자본사용적, 원목사용적 기술로 발전하여 왔다. 현재 국내제재산업에는 규모의 경제(Economy of scale)가 여전히 작용하고 있고, 자본 투자를 통한 규모증대는 단위생산 비용을 절감하고 생산성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2018

Background: The understanding of the relationship between risk perception, knowledge, and protective behaviors could play a major role in occupational risk control and management. Research exploring how workers perceive, recognize, and react to risks in different occupational settings is scarce in Thailand. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of noise-related risk perceptions and knowledge to the use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) among sawmill workers in Thailand. Methods: Sawmill workers (n = 540) from four factories in Trang, Southern Thailand, participated in a questionnaire interview from December 2015 to January 2016. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to explore the risk factors related to HPD use. Path diagram analysis was demonstrated and used to evaluate associations. Results: Risk perception was significantly correlated with HPD use (p < 0.01), HPD training (p = 0.01), and the number of years of work experience (p = 0.03). Sawmill workers were likely to use HPDs based on their risk perception and HPD training. However, HPD training was inversely correlated with age and the number of years of work experience. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of risk perceptions and knowledge, and these factors should be emphasized in the design and implementation of any personal safety intervention program for sawmill workers.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.39.1-39.14
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• 2023

Background: Diseases affecting the lungs and airways contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. The problem in low- and middle-income countries appears to be exacerbated by a shift in global manufacturing base to these countries and inadequate enforcement of environmental and safety standards. In Ghana, the potential adverse effects on respiratory function associated with occupational wood dust exposure have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: Sixty-four male sawmill workers and 64 non-woodworkers participated in this study. The concentration of wood dust exposure, prevalence and likelihood of association of respiratory symptoms with wood dust exposure and changes in pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters in association with wood dust exposure were determined from dust concentration measurements, symptoms questionnaire and lung function test parameters. Results: Sawmill workers were exposed to inhalable dust concentration of 3.09 ± 0.04 mg/m³ but did not use respirators and engaged in personal grooming habits that are known to increase dust inhalation. The sawmill operators also showed higher prevalence and likelihoods of association with respiratory symptoms, a significant cross-shift decline in some PFT parameters and a shift towards a restrictive pattern of lung dysfunction by end of daily shift. The before-shift PFT parameters of woodworkers were comparable to those of non-woodworkers, indicating a lack of chronic effects of wood dust exposure. Conclusions: Wood dust exposure at the study site was associated with acute respiratory symptoms and acute changes in some PFT parameters. This calls for institution and enforcement of workplace and environmental safety policies to minimise exposure at sawmill operating sites, and ultimately, decrease the burden of respiratory diseases.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

The objectives of this study are (a) to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of biological agents in sawmill industries and (b) to compare sampling methods of biological agents. The representative processes of 5 sawmills were selected to measure total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage impactor and gelatin filteration methods. Endotoxin was collected with polycarbonate filters and analysed by kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and dust were 1,864 CFU/$m^3$, 2,252 CFU/$m^3$, 31.5 EU/$m^3$ and 2.4 mg/$m^3$. The ratios of indoor/outdoor concentrations were 3.7 for bacteria, 4.1 for fungi, 3.3 for endotoxin and 9.7 for dust. The respiratory fractions of bacteria were 68.0, 50.9, 49.2 and 45.1% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air. The respiratory fractions of fungi were 78.7, 90.8, 87.5 and 84.8% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air, respectively. There was no significant differences in bacterial concentrations among single stage, six stage impaction and filteration methods. But, fungal concentrations measured with filtration methods were significantly higher than those with impaction methods. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were higher than the OSHA guideline values of 1,000 CFU/$m^3$. The respiratory fractions of fungi were above 75%. The concentrations of biological agents were significantly different among culture-based sampling methods. In the exposure assessments of biological agents, further studies are needed for the comparisons of diverse sampling methods and the investigations of environmental factors.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 1976

항도지역(港都地域)(부산(釜山), 인천(仁川)), 호남지역(湖南地域)(전남북(全南北)), 관동지역(關東地域)(강원(江原), 경북(慶北))에서 총(總) 96개소(個所)의 표목제재소(標木製材所)를 선정(選定)하여 Cobb-Douglas 생산함수(生産函數)를 유도(誘導)한 다음 1967-1975년(年) 사이의 기술진보율(技術進步率)과 제재생산인자(製材生産因子)의 생산성(生産性) 및 적정요소투입량(適正要素投入量)을 계측(計測)하였으며, 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 3지역(地域)에서 모두 제재소(製材所)의 평균규모(平均規模)는 증대(增大)하는 경향(傾向)이 있다. 즉 제재소당(製材所當) 보유마력수(保有馬力數)의 증가율(增加率)은 항도지역(港都地域)이 91.0%, 호남지역(湖南地域)이 7.7%, 관동지역(關東地域)이 16.9%로 나타났다. 이는 외재수입항(外材輸入港)을 중심(中心)으로한 도불형(都巿型) 제재소(製材所)가 크게 발전(發展)하고 있음을 뜻한다. 2. 1967년(年)에는 3지역(地域) 제재생산함수(製材生産函數)의 회귀계수(回歸係數)(생산탄성치(生産彈性値))가 거의 비슷하였으나 1975년(年)에는 지역간(地域間)의 차이(差異)가 현저(顯著)하게 나타났다. 즉 1967년(年)의 생산제약요인(生産制約要因)은 3지역(地域)에서 모두 자본(資本)이었으나 1975년(年)에는 관동지역(關東地域)만이 자본(資本)의 제약(制約)을 받고 있다. 탄성치(彈性値)의 합계(合計)는 ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ > 1이므로 규모(規模)에 대한 보수(報酬)는 모두 점증적(漸增的)인 상태(狀態)에 있다. 3. 관측기간중(觀測期間中)의 기술진보율(技術進步率)은 항도지역(港都地域)이 17.58%, 호남지역(湖南地域)이 7.58%, 관동지역(關東地域)이 2.24%이다. 자본생산성(資本生産性)에 비(比)하여 노동생산성(勞動生産性)이 높은 지역(地域)은 항도지역(港都地域)이며, 이는 자본집약적(資本集約的)인 경영(經營)이 이루어지고 있음을 뜻한다. 그러나 경제여건(經濟與件)이 안정(安定)되어 있는 외국(外國)의 경우에 비추어 볼 때, 3지역(地域)의 노동탄성치(勞動彈性値)가 자본탄성치(資本彈性値)에 비하여 높다는 것은 상대적(相對的)으로 자본생산성(資本生産性)의 하위성(下位性), 즉 과대 자본투자(資本投資)를 의미하는 것으로 제재용재(製材用材)의 공급량(供給量)이 증가(增加)되지 않는 한(限) 미이용자본(未利用資本)의 회수(回收)가 필요(必要)할 것으로 생각된다. 4. 이윤극대화(利潤極大化)를 위한 생산요소(生産要素)의 적정투입량(適正投入量)은 산출물(産出物)과 투입물(投入物)의 가격변화(價格變化)에 따라 달라지나, $m^2$당(當) 제재목(製材木) 가격(價格)이 50,000원, 기업(企業)의 매출총이익율(賣出總利益率)이 9%, 연간노임(年間勞賃)이 540,000원, 마력당(馬力當) 가격(價格)이 100,000원일 때, 항도지역(港都地域), 호남지역(湖南地域), 관동지역(關東地域)에서 자본(資本)과 노동(勞動)의 적정투입량(適正投入量)은 각각(各各) 57 : 17, 427 : 94, 192 : 27로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권2호통권159호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to investigate index numbers by conducting various comparisons among the widely used index formulas. The comparison is considered in three ways; 1) divergences in the magnitudes of index numbers due to the use of different formulas (Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist); 2) the effect of selection of base year (fixed-year base vs. chain-type); 3) the degree of approximation of indirect to direct quantity index. The empirical application is to sawmills and planing mills industry of U.S. using a national time series data covering years of 1948-2000. The results show that the differences between Laspeyres and Paasche index can be substantial in some cases while the difference between Fisher and Tornqvist index is minimal. We also confirm that the selection of base year can cause significant divergences, especially when the variables undergo rapid price or quantity changes over time. We find that indirect quantity index approximates direct quantity index reasonably well in U.S. sawmill industry.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of bioaerosols in industries suspected to have high levels of bioaerosol exposure. Methods: We selected 11 plants including 3 livestock feed plants (LF industry), 3 metal working fluids handling plants (MWFs industry), and 5 sawmills and measured total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage cascade impactor, and gelatin filters. Endotoxins were measured with polycarbonate filters. Results: The geometric means (GM) of the airborne concentrations of bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins were 1,864, $2,252\;CFU/m^3$, and $31.5\;EU/m^3$, respectively at the sawmills, followed by the LF industry (535, $585\;CFU/m^3$, and $22.0\;EU/m^3$) and MWFs industry (258, $331\;CFU/m^3$, and $8.7\;EU/m^3$). These concentrations by industry type were significantly statistically different (p < 0.01). The ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration was 6.2, 1.9, 3.2, and 3.2 for bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, and dust in the LF industry, 5.0, 0.9, 2.3, and 12.5 in the MWFs industry, and 3.7, 4.1, 3.3, and 9.7 in sawmills. The respiratory fractions of bioaerosols were differentiated by bioaerosol types and industry types: the respiratory fraction of bacteria in the LF industry, MWF industry, and sawmills was 59.4%, 72.0%, and 57.7%, respectively, and that of fungi was 77.3%, 89.5%, and 83.7% in the same order. Conclusion: We found that bioaerosol concentration was the highest in sawmills, followed by LF industry facilities and MWFs industry facilities. The indoor/outdoor ratio of microorganisms was larger than 1 and respiratory fraction of microorganisms was more than 50% of the total microorganism concentrations which might penetrate respiratory tract easily. All these findings suggest that bioaerosol in the surveyed industries should be controlled to prevent worker respiratory diseases.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.458-462
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• 2007

It is necessary to study a conductive characteristics of electrical facilities covered with particulate for the analysis of electrical accidents in vulnerable area where are included market place, a sawmill and so on. Therefore, there are studied on risk assessment and contact angle measure(CAM) according to surface deterioration of PVC and phenolic resin Through the contact angle measure of samples, there are ascertain whether hydrophobicity or not. These data would used to be judged by the causes of electrical accidents.