• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.131-144
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• 1995

To determine the structure of chromosome and to identify the sex chromosome of Ginkgo biloba and G. biloba var. fastigiata, the samples were obtained from root tips of trees growing in seven different provinences. The results are as follows. The basic number of somatic chromosomes was 2n=24. The range of a relative length of long chromosome was between $14.88{\sim}11.18{\mu}m$ and that of short chromosome was $8.11{\sim}6.24{\mu}m$. The chromosome sets were composed with one long pairs of m type and 11 short pairs of sm or st type. These short pairs showed the continuous descending in length. There was a satellite on the short arm of the Longest chromosome pair, and were satellites of the one or both long arm of 7th or 8th chromosome pair which were sm or st type, or the shortest st type chromosome pair. Sometimes, a satellite on the short arm of the longest chromosome pairs of Ginkgo biloba was double satellite, but that of G. biloba var. fastigiata was not. Karyotype was $2n=24=2^{2s}A^m+2B^{st\;or\;sm}+2C^{st}+2D^{st}+2E^{st}+2F^{st\;or\;sm}+2G^{sm}+2^{2s}H^{sm}\;or\;(^{1s}H^{sm}+H^{sm})+2I^{st}+2J^{st}+2K^{st}+2^{2s}L^{st}\;or\;(^{1s}L^{st}+L^{st})$. The male and female trees were not apparently distinguished by the chromsome structures. However the differences between the satellites could be used to identify the male and females. The male tree has double satellite on short arm of a longest chromosome pairs and females' has not. Also female trees have a satellite on a short chromosome more frequently than male trees.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.186-190
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• 2010

The chromosome number was identified and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) mapping of 5S and 45S rDNAs were conducted for C. minima and C. lanceolata in the genus Codonopsis from Jeju island. In this study, we have confirmed that the somatic metaphase chromosome number determined as 2n=2x=16 was the same as the findings from the previous studies. While the conventional staining method makes it rather difficult to distinguish satellite chromosomes due to high degree of variability, FISH analysis produced the exact number and location of 5S and 45S rDNAs. Both species in the genus Codonopsis have a pair of 5S rDNA and their gene loci were observed on chromosome 3. Although two pairs of 45S rDNAs (one on chromosome 1 and the other on chromosome 8) were identified in both species, the 45S rDNA signals on chromosome 8 in C. minima were significantly weaker than those on chromosome 1. In addition, the 45S rDNA signals on chromosome 1 in C. lanceolata showed that the chromosome is non-homologus. In this study, we have determined cytogenetic characteristics of C. minima and C. lanceolata according to their gene replication patterns.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 1992

The somatic chromosome numbers were counted to be 2n = 16 of Codonopsis lanceolata. Chromosomes 2 and 7 of Sokrisan and Koheung II has a hetero satellite on short arm. Chromosome 5 of Bakwoonsan showed homo satllite on short arms. Short arms of chromosomes 1 and 5 has homo satellite and short arms of chromosomes 2 and 7 has hetero satellite of Jilin.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.401-405
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• 2004

Karyotypes were established in the eight Korean native species of the genus Iris. Chromosome numbers were 2n=50 in I. koreana and 2n=42 in I. uniflora var. carinata and their karyotype formulas were K = 2n = 50 = 14m + 28sm + 8st and K = 2n = 42 = 16m + 26sm, respectively. I. dichotoma and I. pseudoacorus were diploids of 2n=34. However, they showed different karyotype formulas: K = 2n = 34 = 26m + 6sm + 2st in I. dichotoma and K = 2n = 34 = 8m + 24sm + 2st in I. pseudoacorus. I. setosa, and I. pallasii var. chinensis carried the same chromosome numbers of 2n=40, but they showed different patterns of karyotype formula: K = 2n = 40 = 22m + 14sm + 4st in I. setosa and K = 2n = 40 = 26m + 12sm + 2st in I. pallasii var. chinensis. I. sanguinea was a diploid of 2n=28 and the karyotype formula was K = 2n = 28 = 14m + 14sm. I. ensata var. spontanea was a diploid of 2n=24 and the karyotype formula was K = 2n = 24 = 10m + 14sm. Each species showed characteristic chromosome composition with a pair of satellite chromosome except I. koreana with three pairs of satellite chromosomes. The chromosomes of I. dichotoma and I. uniflora were comparatively short, while the chromosomes of I. ensata were remarkably bigger than those of other species. These cytological data will give a useful information for the identification and breeding program of the Iris plants.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.281-284
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• 1993

A karyotype of cytotype BB plant in Scilla scilloides Complex was established and the frequency of B-chromosomes were investigated. Chromosome complements of BB genome were composed of five pairs of subtelocentric and four pairs of metacentric chromosomes. Chromosome 1 has satellite with nucleolar organizer. Polymorphism was found in chromosome 2. The karyotype of cytotype BB will be available for analysis of genome composition in various cytotypes of S. scilloides Complex. The frequency of B-chromosome was 78.6%. Numbers of B-chromosome ranged from 1 to 4 and plants with 2B-chromosomes were predominant (57.2%). Two type of B-chromosomes, F and F', were found; F is a large iso-chromosome and F' a small one.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.252-259
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• 2011

Conventional staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotypes of the non-genetically modified (GM) parental rice line, 'Nakdong' (Oryza sativa L. japonica), and its four GM rice lines, LS28 (event LS30-32-20-1), Cry1Ac1 (event C7-1-9-1), and LS28 ${\times}$ Cry1Ac1 (events L/C1-1-3-1 and L/C1-3-1-1) were analyzed using 5S and 45S rDNAs as probes. Both parental and transgenic lines were diploids (2n=24) with one satellite chromosome pair. The lengths of the prometaphase chromosomes ranged from 1.50 to $6.30{\mu}m$. Four submetacentric and eight metacentric pairs comprised the karyotype of 'Nakdong' and its four GM lines. One pair of 5S rDNA signals was detected near the centromeric region of chromosome g in both the parental and transgenic lines. The 45S rDNA signals were detected on the secondary constrictions of the satellite chromosome pair in both the parental and transgenic lines. There was no significant difference in chromosome size, length, and composition between 'Nakdong' and its four GM lines. This research was conducted as a preliminary study for chromosomal detection of transgenes in GM rice lines and would be useful for their breeding programs.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 2005

The growth charateristics and karyotypes of Aster spathulifolius collected from 5 sites including coastal and island region on the Korean peninsula, were analysed. Several morphological characteristics of the plants such as leaf length, leaf width, top internode, medium internode, spike branching, flower diameter, number of petal, leaf color, leaf form, stem and leaf hair, viscosity, and serration of the plants were distinctly different depending on the native region from which they were collected. Karyotypic analysis showed that the chromosome number was all diploid (2n=18), with one pair of submetacentric satellite chromosomes. The chromosome composition included 7 pairs of metacentric chromosomes and 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes in all plants. However, chromosome order and the ranges of the chromosome lengths were a little different from plant to plant according to their native growing regions. The plants from Geoje-Do especially showed large differences in the chromosome lengths between the longest and the shortest compared to the plants from other places. This results provide important data to support the classification of the species into several sub-species.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

Karyotype analysis and chromosomal localization of 5S and 45S rDNAs using FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique were carried out in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Somatic chromosome number of N. plumbaginifolia was 2n=20 and kyarotype was composed of three pairs of metacentric chromosomes (1,2 and 7) and seven pairs of submetacentric chromosomes (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10). Length of chromosomes was ranged from 2.29 to 4.50 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Chromosome 1 and 2 were identified as satellite chromosomes. In FISH experiment, one pair of 5S rDNA signals was detected on the centromeric region of chromosome 2 and one pair of 45S rDNA signals was detected on the terminal region of chromosome 1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1999

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of paternal sex chromosome on early development of buffalo embryos fertilized and cultured in vitro. Embryos were produced in vitro from abattoir derived buffalo oocytes. The cleaved embryos were cocultured with buffalo oviductal epithelial cells and evaluated on day 7 under the phase contrast microscope to classify development. The embryos which reached the morula/blastocyst stage were fast developing, the embryos which were at 16-32 cell stage were medium developing and the embryos below 16 cell stage were slow developing. The embryos which showed some fragmentation in the blastomeres or degenerated blastomeres, were degenerating. Sex of emberyos (n=159) was determined using PCR for amplification of a male specific BRY. 1 (301 bp) and a buffalo specific satellite DNA (216 bp) fragments. The results thus obtained show that 1) X and Y chromosome bearing sperms fertilize oocytes to give almost equal numbers of cleaved XX and XY embryos, 2) male embryos develop faster than female embryos to reach advanced stage and 3) degeneration of buffalo embryos is not linked with the paternal sex chromosome. We suggest that faster development of males is due to differential processing of X and Y chromosome within the zygote for its activation and / or differential expression of genes on paternal sex chromosome sex chromosome during development of buffalo embryos fertilized and cultured in vitro which may be attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2006

A detailed karyotype analysis was carried out in five Korean native Iridaceae species; Iris pseudoacorus, I. pallasii. var. chinensis, I. tectrum, I. dichotoma and Belamcanda chinensis. Chromosome compositions of the five species showed that they have different karyotypic formulae; I. pseudoacorus 2n=34=10m+16smn+8st including two pairs of satellite chromosomes, I. pallasii var. chinensis 2n=40=26m+12sm+2st including two pairs of satellite chromosomes, I. tectrum 2n=30=14m+16sm including five pairs of satellite chromosomes, I. dichotoma 2n=32=22m+10sm including two pairs of satellite chromosomes, and B. chinensis 2n=32=20m+10sm+2st including one pair of satellite chromosomes. These results will supplement the previous cytogenetic reports in Iridaceae species and enhance our understanding on the genetic structure, which will be useful in clarifying the unique characteristics of each species for practical breeding programs for horticultural and pharmaceutical purposes.