• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2002

In the course of the investigations of natural antioxidants, we examined the antioxidant activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of some selected Prunus species, including P. buergeriana, P. davidiana, P padus, P. pendula for. ascendens, P. sargentii, P. serrulata var. spontanea and P. yedoensis by three methods as represented by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, total ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) scavenging activity tests. We also evaluated the activities of the organic solvent-soluble fractions, including the dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions and the water ($H_2O$) layer of P. serrulata var. spontanea leaves. By means of bioassay-directed fractionation, we isolated eleven known flavonoids (1-11) from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the Prunus serrulata var. spontanea leaves, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity and characterized as prunetin (1), genistein (2), quercetin (3), prunetin $4'-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (4), kaempferol $3-O-{\alpha}-arabinofuranoside$ (5), prunetin $5-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (6), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranoside$ (7), genistin (8), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (9), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (10) and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (11). Compounds 3 and 10 showed good activities in all tested model systems. Compounds 2 and 8 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 5, 7, 9 and 11 were active in the $ONOO^-$ and ROS tests. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 6 did not show any activities in the tested model systems.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2015

We classified the streamside plant community by phyto-sociological method and analyzed the relationship between environment factors and vegetation structure by using the classification and ordination method. We found that twenty one plant communities were classified according to dominant species at the natural streamside valley forest with surveying the 65 quadrats (10 m × 10 m). From the survey results, the hardwood plant communities were classified as streamside valley forest and the softwood plant communities as riparian forest according to the degree of flooding. The valley forest had a distribution of 17 plant communities which was 65% (42 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Maackia amurensis community, Betula davurica community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. serrata community, Prunus sargentii community, and Meliosma oldhamii community etc. The riparian forest had a distribution of four plant communities which was 35% (23 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Salix koreensis community, S. rorida community, S. purpurea var. japonica community, and S. glandulosa community, etc. From the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) analysis, we found indicator species Oplismenus undulatifolius and Lindera obtusiloba for the streamside valley forest and Humulus japonicus, Phragmites japonica, and S. koreensis for the riparian forest. From the results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), coordinates, altitude, and stream structure showed low correlation to the distribution of the plant community. Therefore, it seemed that valley forest and riparian forest were distinguished by the stream gradient and waterway width which determined by the stream water level.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1996

This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between bird community and forest structure from early May to mid June, 1988 in two sites which had different forest structures due to silvicultural practice, located in the Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan. Quantitative ahbitat analysis was applied to elucidate difference between the two study sites, and territory mapping method and guild analysis were used for assessment of the bird community. Dominant tree species were Quercus mongolica, Magnolia obovata, Prunus sargentii, Acer mono and Tilia japonica. Unithinned site had more foliage coverage in upper and middle layers, but in lower layer had less coverage than thinned site. Thirty four species of birds were recorded and of them only 21 species occupied territories within the study area. Dominant species were Ficedula narcissina, Phylloscopus occipitalis, Parus major, Passer rutilans, Sitta europaea and Parus palustris in the study area. The unmber of breeding species of the two sites were equal, but the species composition of breeding bird communities was different between the sites. The number of species and pairs on hole-nesting guild were greater in the unthinned site, but those on ground-nesting guild were greater in the thinned site. Canopy-nesting guild showed no significant difference between the two sites. Silvicultural practice such as proper thinning appeared to be not inadequate to all of the forest birds, probably good to bush and ground nesting guild, and to tree & bush and ground foraging guild. The silvicultural practice also did not considerably affect the hole and canopy-nesting guild.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.297-303
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• 2002

This study was carried out to analyze forest vegetation of Gabhasan and Woosanbong in Daejeon, Employing the releve method of TWINSPAN, 62 plots were sampled from June 2001 to September 2001. Field survey carried out to examine importance value, to do diameter of breast height(DBH) measurement, and to analyze the Ordination. The Forest vegetation was classified into four communities: Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Styrax japonica were high. According to DBH analysis, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis dominate currently, however, importance value of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii would increase in the future. The result of ordination analysis, showed that Quercus mongolica community was located in high altitude and steep area, Pinus densiflora community was located in comparatively high altitude and medium slope area, Quercus variabilis community was located in low altitude and gentle slope area and Quercus acutissima community was located in the lowest altitude and relatively gentle slope area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1027-1037
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the flora of Mt. Bongrae in Busan from February 2004 to May 2005. The flora in the surveyed area were identified 291 taxa that belonged to 82 families, 201 genera, 251 species, 35 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, evergreen broad trees were identified 21 taxa, naturalized plants 30 taxa, especial plants decided by Ministry of Environment 24 taxa. By the vegetation of each slope, in northeast slope, it was dominated such as Pinus thunbergii community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community, Amorhpa fruticosa community, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium-Hedera rhombea community, north-northeast slope, it was distributed both Pinus thunbergii community and board-leaved tree community. In the southwest slope of coast site, it was presented plantation plants, according to altitude distributed such as natural vegetation, evergreen broad trees, warm-temperate plants. In southeast slope, it was to represent secondary vegetation such as Alnus firma community as a forest fire. Underside was mainly to search herbs such as naturalized plants and cruciferous family as a vegetable garden. In northwest slope, it was searched trees such as Pinus thunbergii community, Lindera obtusiloba, Styrax japonca, Prunus sargentii, Aralia elata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Akebia quinata and herb layer such as Osmunda japonica, Allium thunbergii, Liriope platyphylla, Corydalis ochotensis, Scilla scilloides, Viola orientalis. Around the top, it was distributed such as Rhododendron mucronulatum-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Carpinus coreana, Viburnum erosum, Sorbus alnifolia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze forest vegetation of the Jangtaesan, Haetaesan, Ahnpyoungsan and Gubongsan in Daejeon. Employing the releve method of Braun-Blanquet, 76 plots were sampled. The communities were classified into Quercus mongolica community, Quercus variabilis community, and Pinus densiflora community. Average coverage rate was 85% in tree layer, 44% in subtree layer, 37% in shrub layer, 25% in herb layer, respectively. The importance values were 58.76 in Pinus densiftora, 44.86 in Quercus monegolica, 44.06 in Quercus variabilis, 33.00 in Quercus serrata, 18.73 in Rhus trichocarpa, 18.07 in Prunus sargentii. DBH range of most Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis was between 5cm and 20cm. Therefore, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis will be dominant species in the study area for several more decades. Quercus mongolica community was distributed mainly on the north and east slope in a high-altitude and relative good nutrition condition. Querucus variabilis community was distributed mainly on the south slope in a middle-altitude and medium nutrition condition. Pinus densiflora community was distributed mainly in a low-altitude and poor nutrition condition.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2014

The changes in the area and standing crop of forests and the understory vegetation structure of various plantations were investigated by literature survey to predict the changes in the structure of forest ecosystems of the Korean Peninsula in the future. The greater part of forest was severely destroyed in 1950's in the Korean Peninsula. The forest standing crop has been dramatically increasing since the nationwide plantation was actively performed in 1970's and 1980's in the Republic of Korea. The area of forest was incessantly decreased at the rate of $5,500ha\;yr^{-1}$. The results of regression analysis on the changes in forest standing crop of the Republic of Korea showed that the forest might approach to the maturity stage in around 2150. It was predicted that the potential natural vegetation of Quercus mongorica, Fraxinus rhynchophyllus, Prunus sargentii, etc. would establish in the plantations of Larix leptolepsis, Pinus koraiensis and Robinia pseudoacacia in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 2014

The populations of Pinus densiflora in South Korea were grouped into 4 types; Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, Community of Pinus densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana & Rhus javanica & Quercus mongolica and Community of Pinus densiflora-Prunus sargentii & Rhododendron mucronulatum. The Shannon diversity index was varied between 0.9171 and 1.5016, while the Similarity index was varied between 43.18 and 72.16. The species of Pinus densiflora are correlated positively significant with Carex humilis var. nana, Quercus serrata and Atractylodes ovata and negatively significant with Aster scaber and Sorbus alnifolia in order. According to the Correlation analysis, the relationship between the distribution of Pinus densiflora populations and the environment factors are closely related with the character of forest soil. Thus types for Pinus densiflora are differed. pH, Ex. K and Ex. Ca of Pinus densiflora populations effect No. of species and H'(shannon index). Canopy open effects No. of Individuals of Pinus densiflora community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.224-235
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• 1998

Floristic composition of Kyongpo Provincial Park area were investigated from June, 1997 to June, 1998. Vascular plants were composed of 87 families, 240 genera, 281 species, 51 varieties, and 7 formae, totaling 339 taxa. Among them, three taxa such as Vicia venosissima, Paulownia coreana, Aster ciliosa were Korean endemic species. Pteridophyta calculation(Pte-Q) was investigated, 0.61. A naturalized plants were 12 species, corresponding to 5.5％ of totaling 218 species in South Korea by Lee and Chon(1995). The dominant species could be represented by Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora. And its stratification structure were composed as follows : Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora in tree and subtree layer, Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora. and Prunus sargentii in shrub layer, and Spodiopogon sibiricus, Festuca ovina, Melandryum firmum, Artemisia princeps, Rumex acetosella, Commelina communis and Plantago depressa in herb layer, respectively. But stratification structure of dominant species appeared very unstable in subtree and shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.345-360
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to suggest vegetation management Planning and plant community structure of Camellia Japonica forest at Hakdong, Kojedo, Hallyo-Haesang National Park. Forty-six plots(l00$\m^2$/plot) were established in Camellia japonica forest and surveyed. By DCA ordination technique and mean importance value analysis, the plant communities were classified into four community types, which were Camellia japonica community, Camellia japonica-Eurya japonica community, Camellia japonica-Neolitsea sericea community, Chumaecyparis obtusa-Camellia japonica community. It was supposed that Camellia japonica-Neolitsea sericeu community succeeded to Neolitsea sericea community. The others would not be replaced by another woody species. The vegetation management for successional controls in long-term basis were suggested; for the short-term basis, the species of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Neolitsea sericea and Eurya japonica should be removed. The species of Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii, Meliosma myriantha, Machilus thunbergii and Litsea japonica. must be controlled under the long-term management of vegetation.