• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

홍삼 사포닌의 항산화 작용을 나타내는 활성성분을 screening하기 위하여 홍삼 추출물(물 추출물, 알코올 추출물, 지용성분획, 총 사포닌, PD 및 PT)이 항산화 효소(SOD, catalase)의활성도 변화와 $H_2O$$_2$ 및 MDA의 함량 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 항산화 효소인 SOD의 활성도를 조사해 본 결과 지용성 추출물, PD, 알코올 추출물 투여군 순으로 활성도를 높이는 것으로 조사되었으며, SOD에 의한 중간 생성물인 $H_2O$$_2$의 함량을 조사한 결과 모든 추출물 투여군에서 감소하였으며, 그 중에서도 PT 알코올 추출물 및 PD투여군이 유의성있게 감소하였다. catalase 활성도는 지용성 추출물 투여군이 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 총 사포닌, 알코올 추출물 투여군 순으로 조사되었다. 유리기에 의해 생성된 지질과 산화의 최종산물인 MDA의 함량은 모든 추출물 투여군에서 유의성(p<0.01) 있게 감소하였으며, 그 중에서도 지용성 추출물, 알코올 추출물, PD투여군 순으로 가장 많이 감소하였다. 이와 같은 홍삼 사포닌의 항산화 효과는 SOD및 catalase와 같은 항산화 효소의 직접적인 작용과 홍삼의 특정 성분들이 생체내에서 내인성 항산화 물질의 합성능력을 강화시킴으로서 산화적 손상에 대한 방어기전을 향상시키는 결과로 생각되며, 그중에서 지용성 추출물과 PD분획물이 가장 효과적인 성분으로 생각된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of crude ginseng saponin (CGS) on blood chemical parameters in adult female guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A total of 80 guinea pigs (800$\pm$20g) were divided into 8 groups: group 1 (normal control group) was given vehicle (corn oil containing small amount of acetone and DMSO) and saline; group 2 (single TCDD-treated) received TCDD (1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.p.) and saline (i.p.); groups 3 and 4 were administered CGS at a daily i.p. doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 4 weeks, respectively; groups 5 and 6 were administered CGS (10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) for 5 weeks starting 1 week before TCDD-exposure; groups 7 and 8 were administered CGS (10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) for 3 weeks from 1 week after TCDD-exposure. CGS was prepared by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography. Body weights of G2 were significantly decreased from the and week after TCDD-exposure (P<0.01). Body weights of the CGS-treated groups were also decreased by TCDD-exposure but the weight loss was greatly retarded compared with that of G2. Increase in blood glucose, amylase, lipase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and LDL-cholesterol levels by TCDD exposure was significantly attenuated by the CCS-treatment (P<0.05). From these results, we found that saponin, the main active ingredient of gineseng, played a protective role in TCDD-induced toxicity and ginseng protected female animals from dioxin-induced toxic manifestation.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.310-320
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• 2017

Ginseng has been widely used for traditional medicine in eastern Asia and is known to have inhibitory effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Because, platelet is a crucial mediator of CVD, many studies are focusing on inhibitory mechanism of platelet functions. Among platelet activating molecules, thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) and P-selectin play a central role in CVD. $TXA_2$ leads to intracellular signaling cascades and P-selectin plays an important role in platelet-neutrophil and platelet-monocyte interactions leading to the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of total saponin fraction from Korean red ginseng (KRG-TS) on $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression. Thrombin-elevated $TXA_2$ production and arachidonic acid release were decreased by KRG-TS dose (25 to $150{\mu}g/mL$)-dependently via down regulation of microsomal cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), $TXA_2$ synthase (TXAS) activity and dephosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$). In addition, KRG-TS suppressed thrombin-activated P-selectin expression, an indicator of granule release via dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Taken together, we revealed that KRG-TS is a beneficial novel compound inhibiting $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression, which may prevent platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic disease.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2008

This study compared the physicochemical properties of root hair of white ginseng (WG), root hair of tissue cultured mountain ginseng (MG), root hair of red ginseng (RG) and extruded ginseng samples. The comparison of crude ash and total sugar resulted insignificant differences between extruded and raw samples. MG had a higher content of crude ash, crude protein, amino acids and polyphenolic compound than WG and RG; the total sugar and reducing sugar were highest in RG. Crude fat and acidic polysaccharide in RG and WG were similar to and higher than MG. Crude saponin of treated samples WG1 (moisture content 25%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) and WG3 (moisture content 35%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) were 9.80% and 9.73%, respectively, which were the highest among ginseng samples. In conclusion, the extrusion process can be applied to red ginseng manufacturing, and some characteristics of MG were higher than in RG and WG.

• 기술사
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2000

The effect of puffing treatments on the sensory qualities improving of Ginseng Extract were investigated in the good products for rejecting soil flavor as Ginseng foreign bad taste, through chemical analysis and actual manufacturing practice, the following results were obtained. Puffing treated<15kg / ㎠psi> ginseng has produced a marked increase in soluble solid, crude saponin yield to the extent of 10% and without soil taste as compared with control Ginseng. Optimum Ginseng ethanol extraction condition were 90$\^{C}$ for 8 hours, which was cheap operating cost and color, apperance, total solid yield of Ginseng extracted products. For 70% ethanol extraction in temperature range of 60∼90$\^{C}$ for 8 hours, the higher temperature resulted higher yields in solids and Ginsenoside Especially, GinsenosideRgl as most effective physiological function component yield was increased in 18% by puffed Ginseng than control Cinseng products. The Hunter's color, L. a and b values of Ginseng extract were 31.09, 21.9 and 49.5 and increase brown and red color value and total Δ Evalue.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2017

Fludarabine, a chain terminating anti-cancer drug, is a purine analogue that causes DNA strand breaks in normal cells. In this study, we determined if A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture reduce cytotoxicity of fludarabine. Treatment of HaCaT cells with $10{\mu}M$ of fludarabine for 24 hours decreased cell viability and increased DNA strand breaks. Treatment of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture for 24 hours increased cell viability as compared with single extract treatment. The protective effect of these extracts on cell activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA strand breaks induced by fludarabine decreased as concentration of extract mixture increased. p-H2AX level, a marker of DNA strand breakage, decreased depending on the concentration of extract mixture. The effect of mixed extract of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng on DNA damage is due to the anti-oxidative effect of A. melanocarpa and signal transmission through glucocorticoid receptor upon binding of saponin of Korean red ginseng.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.883-887
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process for chemical transformation of ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenins. Ginseng and ginseng extracts were processed under several treatment conditions using ascorbic acid solution. Treating with ascorbic acid at pH 2-3 and above $80^{\circ}C$ increased the ginsenoside $Rg_3$ content of samples to over 3% as compared to other pH levels and temperatures. In addition, ginseng and ginseng extracts that were processed under a high ascorbic acid solution treatment condition (pH 2.0, 5 hr) contained more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (approximately 16 times) than those processed under a low ascorbic acid solution treatment condition (pH 3.0, 5 hr). The highest quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (3.434%) occurred when a sample of fine ginseng root extract (AG2-9) was processed with the ascorbic acid solution at pH 2.0 for 9 hr. However, there was no change in the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ when fine ginseng root extracts were processed with ascorbic acid solution at pH 2.0 for over 9 hr. In conclusion, the results indicated that ascorbic acid treatment of ginseng extracts can produce a level of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ that is over 90-fold the amount found in commercial red ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.57-58
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• 2006

Red ginseng is a classical traditional Chinese medicine. Among Chinese herbs, red ginseng has been considered as one of the tonics. Many studies indicated that red ginseng could enhance immune function of the human body. Red ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside, the most important active constituents identified in red ginseng can protect against myocardial ischaemia damage and protect endothelium against electrolysis-induced free radical injury. Macrophages play a significant role in host defense mechanisms. When activated, they inhibit the growth of a wide variety of tumor cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pure ginsenoside Rb1 on immunostimulatory activity such as murine macrophage phagocytosis and proliferation of splenocytes. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) in murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells. ROS have emerged as important signaling molecules in the regulation of various cellular processes. Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased production of ROS in dose dependent manner. As NO plays an important role in immune function, ginsenoside Rb1 treatment could modulate several aspects of host defense mechanisms due to stimulation. Treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 to macrophages induced the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines and expression levels of these genes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with ginsenoside Rb1 showed a dose dependent increased phagocytosis activity and lymphocyte proliferation of splenocytes. Therefore, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 has promising potential as a natural medicine for stimulation of the immune system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.208-214
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• 2014

Background: In previous work, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng saponin fraction (RGSF) showed anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The present study investigated the radioprotective properties of RGSF by examining its effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-enhanced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses in murine macrophage cells. Results: RGSF induced strong downregulation of IR-enhanced and LPS-induced proinflammatory responses such as nitric oxide (NO) production (Inhibitory Concentration $50(IC_{50})=5.1{\pm}0.8{\mu}M$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ levels. RGSF was found to exert its radioprotective effects by inhibition of a signaling cascade that activated checkpoint kinase 2enuclear factor-${\kappa}B$. In addition, RGSF strongly inhibited IR-enhanced LPS-induced expression of hemoxyganase-1, implying that the latter may be a potential target of RGSF. Conclusion: Taken together, our data suggest that RGSF can be considered and developed for use as an effective radioprotective agent with minimal adverse effects.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.367-370
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• 1985

인삼농축액이 미생물에 의하여 품질이 저하되는 것을 방지하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 부패된 홍삼농축액으로부터 효모를 분리 동정하였고 홍삼농축액의 일반성분 및 사포닌의 조성을 조사하였다. 분리, 선발된 홍삼농축액의 부패성 효모는 형태학적, 배양학적 및 생리학적 특성을 검토한 결과 candida parapsilosis로 동정되었다. 홍삼농축액의 일반성분은 회분 3.85, 조지방 1.48, 조단백 15.3. 환원당 12.4, 전당 45.6% 및 기타성분으로 구성되어 있었다. 조사포닌 함량은 18.24%이었으며 각 ginsenoside의 구성은 Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$, Rc, Rb$_2$, Rf, Ra, Ro순이었으며 panaxadiol계 및 panaxatriol 계 saponin의 구성비는 1.56이었다.