• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1978

To study on the changes in saponins from callus mass by tissue culture, the callus was derived from the petiole of Korean Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) and cultivated on Murashige and Skoog's agar medium supplemented with 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin for 8 months. Then, well-grown callus was analyzed for its components estimation. The results obtained are as follows: (1) When saponins isolated from callus mass were chromatographed on a silca gel plate, and determined by the thinchrograph TFG-10, the ratio of Rb, c to Rg(f) in saponins was 2.16 to 1 and Rb, c, d to Re, g (f) was 1 to 1.63, while in the case of saponins from the root of Panax Ginseng grown by soil culture, the ratio of Rb, c to Rg(f) was 1.03 to 1 and the ratio of Rb, c,d to Re, g(f) was 1 to 1.17. (2) Sapogenins were obtained from the hydrolysates of saponins, and determined by thinchrograph TFG-10. The ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in sapogenins from callus saponins was 2.66 to 1, while the ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in sapogenins from ginseng root saponins was 1.86 to 1. From the results above mentioned, we concluded that the relative contents of sapogenins in saponins from callus mass by tissue culture were different from those in saponins from ginseng root by soil culture.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.45-48
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• 1974

[ $\beta$-Sitosterol and oleanolic acid were isolated in a pure form from Radix Panax Ginseng, the genuine Ginseng drug, by column chromatography on Silicagel and aluminium oxide (Woelm). TLC indicates the presence of at least three other triterpene sapogenins.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 1986

For the immunoassay of ginseng sapogenins, the ligands with which panaxadiol and panaxatriol could be determined together and separately were synthesized. For the total assay of panaxadiol and panaxatriol, panaxatriol-6-hemisuccinate was synthesized. For the separate assay, panaxadiol-3-hemisuccinate and panaxatriol-3-hemisuccinate were also synthesized.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.253-263
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• 2006

The plant is used in India as well as several countries since several centuries for treating different types of ailments. The plant is an important constituent of the Ayurvedic Materia Medica and finds mention in several ancient texts including Caraka Sanhita ($6^{th}$ century A.D.) and the Bhavprakasa ($16^{th}$ century A.D.). The scientific studies on this plant have reported several activities of this plant. Though the plant has cardiotonic, vasoconstrictor, sedative, neuro-muscular blocking, and anticancer activities, it is more popular as memory enhancer. Traditionally, a poultice made of the boiled plant is placed on the chest in acute bronchitis and coughs of children. The plant contains saponins: bacosides A and B, hersaponin, sapogenins: bacogenin $A_{1}$, $A_{2}$, and $A_{3}$ stigmasterol, and flavonoids: luteolin and luteolin-7 glucoside, nicotine, brahmine, and herpestine. This review focuses on the scientific data published since 1931.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 1991

From the roots of Rubus parvifolius L., four triterpenoidal sapogenins, ursolic acid 1. $2\alpha$-hydroxyursolic acid 2. causapic acid 3. $2\alpha$, $3\beta$, $19\alpha$-trihydroxyurs-12-en-23.28-dioic acid 4 and one triterpenoidal glycoside. suavissimoside $R_1$ 5. were isolated. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. Compound 4 was first isolated as free form.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 1998

Glucosidic bonds at the C20 position of the sapogenins were hydrolyzed easily in the lower pH, higher temperatures and longer times to give prosapogenins and sugars. The glucosidic bond of saponin at the C3 of ginsenoside-Rb1, which is secondary carbon, was relatively stable due to the low electron density of -0.2. But the bond of saponin at the C20 position, which is tertiary carbon with the relatively high electron density of -0.3, was liable to be hydrolyzed even in weakly acidic solution by the increase of heating time. On the other hand, red ginseng contained 13.34 mg/g of citric acid, 8.78 mg/g of malonic acid, 3.70 mg/g of oxalic acid, 2.13 mg/g of malic acid and 0.44 mg/g of succinct acid. Ginseng saponins were very stable in ginseng extract neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate corresponding to the equivalent amount of the total organic acid in the red ginseng.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.216.1-216.1
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• 2003

P. ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most widely used herbal medicine in Asia. It has been used for the treatment of many disorders. Its major constituent is known to be ginsenosides, and there are many documents about bioactivities of ginsenosides such as anti-oxidant, anti-tumorigenic, anti-fatigue, and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of these activities are supposed to have some correlation with inhibitory action of cyclooxygenase (COX). Ginsenosides from P. ginseng and sapogenins were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against both cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2). Inhibitory activity was evaluated by measuring prostaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$) production from arachidonic acid with an ELISA reader. (omitted)

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2005

Chlorophytum borivilianum Baker (Antharicaceae) commonly referred as 'Safed Musli' has been widely used in the Indian traditional systems of medicine to treat various diseases like rheumatism apart from having immunomodulating property and is used as general tonic. It is also known as 'Ayurvedic viagra' for its aphordisiac properties. C. borivilianum was screened for the first time to determine its antioxidant activity, isolation of the sapogenins and standardization of the isolated sapogenin fraction using HPTLC. Potent antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract was found by their ability to scavenge DPPH (84.51%), hydroxyl radical (48.95 %), ferryl bi-pyridyl complex (84.53%) along with the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (67.17%) at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The ethanolic extract also exhibited significant inhibition of superoxide anion radical generated by photochemiluminescence. Thus, the potent antioxidant activity validates the innumerable therapeutic claims of the plant in the traditional system especially its use as a Rasayana drug.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.257-279
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• 2009

Plants of genus Dioscorea have long been served as important carbohydrate-stuffed foods in the tropical and subtropical regions, and utilized as traditional herb medicines to enhance digestive function, improve anorexia, and treat diarrhea in oriental countries. It is known that around 600 species of Dioscorea are distributed in the world including 107 species in Asia, but actually utilized Dioscorea species are restricted to small numbers. Phytochemical investigations for Dioscorea species have revealed a number of chemical components such as sapogenins, saponins, phenanthrenes, stilbenes, diterpenes and purine derivatives. According to recent pharmacological studies, Dioscorea species possess significant antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities as well as anticancer, antidiabetic, cholesterol-lowering and hypolipidemic effects. Here, seven Dioscorea species (D. batatas, D. japonica, D. bulbifera, D. opposita, D. tokoro, D. nipponica and D. alata), mainly distributed and used in Korea, China, and Japan, are reviewed to provide their botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties were described.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.193-203
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• 1973

The saponins of two- and four-year-old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng $(Panax ginseng\;C.A.\;M_{EYER})$ saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-1, E-2, E-3, G-1, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and was subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panaxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-1). The panaquilins E-1, E-2 and E-3 mixture contained both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.