• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2011

Two types of water soluble lysine salts of ibuprofen were prepared and evaluated. Physicochemical properties for ibuprofen-l-lysinate (IBL-l), ibuprofen-dl-lysinate (IBL-dl) and ibuprofen (IB) were studied on melting point, specific ratation, UV spectra and $^1H$-NMR spectra. There were not differences between IBL-dl and IBL-l in UV spectra and $^1H$-NMR spectra. The pharmacokinetic parameters of IB were compared to those of its lysine salts (IBL-l and IBL-dl) after i.v. or oral administration at the dose of 50 mg/kg (calculated as IB). Total body clearance ($CL_t$) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were not different between IB group and IBL groups after i.v. administration. On the other hand, IBL-l and IBL-dl produced peak plasma concentrations ($C_{max}$) significantly ealier and higher than IB. Time to reach peak concentration ($T_{max}$) after IBL administration was lower than that after IB administration. There was no difference in AUC across all different groups (IB, IBL-l and IBL-dl) after oral administration. However, absorption rate constant ($k_a$) of IBL-l and IBL-dl were significantly increased than that of IB. These results indicated that the administration of IBL-l and IBL-dl may be advantageous if rapid and reliable onset of pain relief is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various kinds of commercial salts, including sun-dried (Korea), purified, and traditional salts on the chemical and sensory properties and growth of microorganisms involved in kimchi fermentation. Kimchi was prepared by salting in 10% NaCl solution for 2 hours followed by addition of other spices and fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. The decreases in pH suggested that kimchi fermentation can be classified into 3 steps: initial, intermediate, and final stages. In texture analysis, the hardness and fracturability of traditional salt kimchi were higher than those of regular kimchi. From the sensory evaluation test for kimchi, sensory scores were high for traditional salt addition, especially taste, overall preference and texture. Among various microorganisms related to kimchi fermentation, the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pichia membranaefaciens and Escherichia coli were examined. Based on the conditions of kimchi fermentation, a 2% and 5% concentration of each salt were studied. Also, the conditions of the cultures at $37^{\circ}C$ were examined. There was no considerable difference in the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli in the different kinds of salts. However, the growth of Pichia membranaefaciens was strongly inhibited by a 5% concentration of traditional salt during incubation at $37^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.395-400
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• 1993

Four sheep per treatment were fed either control or 3% calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Feed and free water intakes were not different, but digestibilities of crude protein and crude fiber were lower (p<0.05) and that of crude fat was higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. Dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and microbial protein yield were not different between treatments and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen was higher for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. A 60-day milk production trial was conducted with thirty lactation Holstein cows. Fifteen cows per treatment were fed TMR containing either control or 3% Ca-LCFA ad libitum. Feed intake was not different between treatments, but milk yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Milk fat percentage was slightly higher and milk protein was lower for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Lactose and total solid contents in milk were not different between treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.87-93
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• 2014

In this study, the reinforced concrete rahmen bridge damaged by the chloride attack was investigated. According to the investigation, the degraded concretes on cantilever kerb and end part were intensively observed. Thus, the chloride content test and half-cell method were performed to evaluate the degraded parts. As a result, the contents of chloride on degraded parts were C and D grade. On the other hand, the half-cell potential values of rebar in degraded concrete were measured with the minor corrosion. This rebar corrosion is expected to progressing. Chloride content D grade is due to expansion pressure by corrosion of rebar and freeze-thaw by permeate water, could see progresses rapidly degradation. In order to prevent chloride attack to concrete deck caused by deicing salts, corresponding to the chloride critical concentration must maintain grade b or at least grade c. Chloride condition evaluation standard apply to evaluation of marine structure chloride attack with chloride attack by deicing salts.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2007

Novel composite membranes, which delivered high separation performance for propylene/propane mixtures, were developed by coating inert poly(ethylene-co-propylene) rubber (EPR) onto a porous polyester substrate, followed by the physical distribution of $AgBF_4$. Scanning electron microscopy-wavelength dispersive spectrometer (SEM-WDS) revealed that silver salts were uniformly distributed in the EPR layer. The physical dispersion of the silver salts in the inert polymer matrix, without specific interaction, was characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The high separation performance was presumed to stem from the in-situ dissolution of crystalline silver ionic aggregates into free silver ions, which acted as an active propylene carrier within a propylene environment, leading to facilitated propylene transport through the membranes. The membranes were functional at all silver loading levels, exhibiting an unusually low threshold carrier concentration (less than 0.06 of silver weight fraction). The separation properties of these membranes, i.e. the mixed gas selectivity of propylene/propane ${\sim}55$ and mixed gas permeance ${\sim}7$ GPU, were stable for several days.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.3682-3686
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• 2011

The electrochemical properties of lithium-sulfur batteries with binary electrolytes based on DME and DOL, TEGDME and DOL mixed solvent containing $LiClO_4$, LiTFSI, and LiTF salts were investigated. The ionic conductivity of 1M LiTFSI and $LiClO_4$ electrolytes based on TEGDME and DOL increased as the volume ratio of DOL solvent increased, because DOL effectively reduces the viscosity of the above electrolytes medium under the same salts concentration. The first discharge capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries in the DME and DOL-based electrolyte followed this order: LiTFSI (1,000 mAh/g) > LiTF (850 mAh/g) > $LiClO_4$ (750 mAh/g). In case of the electrolyte based on TEGDME and DOL, the first discharge capacity of batteries followed this order: $LiClO_4$ (1,030 mAh/g) > LiTF (770 mAh/g) > LiTFSI (750 mAh/g). The cyclic efficiency of lithium-sulfur batteries at 1M $LiClO_4$ electrolytes is higher than that of batteries at other lithium salts-based electrolytes. Lithium-sulfur battery showed discharge capacity of 550 mAh/g until 20 cycles at all electrolytes based on DME and DOL solvent. By contrast, the discharge capacity of batteries was about 450 mAh/g at 1M LiTFSI and LiTF electrolytes based on TEGDME and DOL solvent after 20 cycles.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.409-420
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• 2017

Foliar sprays of three plant resistance inducers, including chitosan (CH), potassium sorbate (PS) ($C_6H_7kO_2$), and potassium bicarbonates (PB) ($KHCO_3$), were used for resistance inducing against Erysiphe cichoracearum DC (powdery mildew) infecting okra plants. Experiments under green house and field conditions showed that, the powdery mildew disease severity was significantly reduced with all tested treatments of CH, PS, and PB in comparison with untreated control. CH at 0.5% and 0.75% (w/v) plus PS at 1.0% and 2.0% and/or PB at 2.0% or 3.0% recorded as the most effective treatments. Moreover, the highest values of vegetative studies and yield were observed with such treatments. CH and potassium salts treatments reflected many compounds of defense singles which leading to the activation power defense system in okra plant. The highest records of reduction in powdery mildew were accompanied with increasing in total phenolic, protein content and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, chitinase, and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase in okra plants. Meanwhile, single treatments of CH, PS, and PB at high concentration (0.75%, 2.0%, and/or 3.0%) caused considerable effects. Therefore, application of CH and potassium salts as natural and chemical inducers by foliar methods can be used to control of powdery mildew disease at early stages of growth and led to a maximum fruit yield in okra plants.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.231-241
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• 2012

Farming using natural salts for supply of nutrients to crops is increasing recently. It is necessary to evaluate the salt accumulation in soil and the effects on crop growth by treatment of natural salt. This study was conducted at the organic cultivation fields which garlics were planted. The treatments were no natural salts (control) and plots applied 100~600 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ with natural salts. Soil samples were taken from the 0 to 25 cm depth at 12 and 107 day (harvest time) after natural salts application. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Exch.$-Na^+$) and Cl- were increased by application of natural salts. But, pH and exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$) had not significantly differences among treatments. In 300 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ plots of natural salt, the level of EC, Exch.$-Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in top soil (0-5 cm) was were increased more 0.3, 3.7, and 12.7 times than control plot, respectively. EC, Exch.$-Na^+$, and $Cl^-$ were highest in the top 5 cm of soil and decreased with depth at 12 days after natural salts application, but were decreased in the plower layer (0-15cm) at the harvest time because they were leached with natural rain. An increasing the application level of natural salt resulted in increasing of sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and percentage of soil dispersion. The concentration of nutrient uptake such as total nitrogen (T-N), chloride (Cl) in garlic had significant difference between control and plots applied with natural salts The content of T-N of garlic in plots with natural salt application was lower than control plot, but Cl is higher than control plot.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.359-363
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• 2004

Reaction conditions and catalysts were investigated for direct $CF_3I$ synthesis. Optimum reaction temperature was determined by pyrolysis of $CF_3H$ and catalytic reactions. Reactions with changing oxygen concentration were performed. As a result, yield of $CF_3I$ increased with decreasing oxygen concentration. Catalytic activity was changed with the weight ratio of the used metal salts. This result was stemmed from the change in the pore size of activated carbon by the metal salts. The optimum reaction conditions were: $600^{\circ}C$, space velocity of $45hr^{-1}$, and with 7wt% KF/AC catalyst.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1985

Phosphate, ammonia, glucosamine, glucose, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate, malate and acetate were examined for their ability to control the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) production in succinate salts medium or in M9 medium. The results obtained were summerized as follows. 1. When the initial phosphate concentration was adjusted to 1.0mM, ST production was decreased to 80u/ml or less. But when the initial phosphate concentration was adjusted to 64mM or 100mM, enterotoxin production was 320u/ml. 2. When the initial ammonia concentration in the medium was adjusted to 1.0mM, no ST production and cell growth were observed. But when ammonia concentration was adjusted to 10mM, 19mM, 38mM or 76mM, enterotoxin production was 320u/ml. 3. Among carbon sources, glucosamine, glucose, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate, malate and acetate, acetate supported the highest specific production (928 unit/O.D.) of heat-stable enterotoxin. From this results, we could assume that heat-stable enterotoxin production is controlled by stringent control mechanism. 4. When the pH of the succinate salts medium was kept between 6.2 to 6.5, no heat-stable enterotoxin production was observed, but when the pH of the medium was kept between pH 6.2 to 6.5, 267 unit/O.D. of heat-stable enterotoxin was produced. 5. Glucose inhibited the heat-stable enterotoxin production and the mechanism was assumed due to its capacity to lower the pH of the medium during catabolysis and its high metabolic energy.