• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2002

A reinforced concrete building neighboring in Pusan or Ulsan where is directly exposed to salt water contrasting with other in land areas contains much salt content percolated from the outside that the high salt content percolates and diffuses through the inside of reinforced concrete; therefore, an immovable tunic surrounding it begins to be destroyed and eroded with high speed. At the time, the cross-sectional area and volume expansion of re-bar reinforcing result in being cracks make a rapid progress gradually until they appear in the surface of the one, the phenomenon such as being a thin layer or falling off the part of it causes a lowering of its durability and might collapse the concrete construction. So far, we've investigated into salt content of reinforced concrete constructions neighboring in a seaside district and damage by carbonation, and we came to a conclusion as follows: $\circled1$ Under the oceanic circumstance a concrete construction is influenced by sea water directly that contains much amount of salt content contrasting with other constructions on inland areas. $\circled2$ Because of chloride penetration the carbonation of reinforced concrete made a rapid progress until more than the covering thickness of re-bar. $\circled3$ An old reinforced concrete building which has been piled up salt injury and proceeding the carbonation of its cross-sectional area. $\circled4$ According to rapidly cracking from the inside to surface of reiforced concrete, the phenomenon of being a thin layer or falling off the part of reinforced concrete results in a lowering of durability and shortening the life-time of concrete construction itself.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

기후변화로 인해 물의 증발량이 많은 지역의 지반에서는 자연적인 소금의 고결화 현상이 발생한다. 이러한 소금의 고결화 분포는 모래지반에서 모세관력에 영향을 받는다. 이 연구의 목적은 콘 관입시험, 전기전도율 측정, 사진 이미지 촬영, 비파괴 이미지 분석 그리고 탄성파에 의한 프로세스 모니터링을 이용하여 소금의 고결화 현상에 대한 모세관력의 효과를 관찰하는 것이다. 실험은 입상재료를 모형화한 글라스비즈를 소금물에 포화시킨 후, 오븐에 넣어 시료를 건조시킴으로써 고결화를 발생시켰다. 실험결과, 고결된 소금의 농도는 시료입경이 작은 경우 최상부에서 높았고, 시료입경이 큰 경우 중간 또는 하부에서 높았다. 고결된 시료에서 높은 소금농도의 위치는 해석적 방법으로 산정된 모세관 높이와 유사하였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 5가지 실험은 모세관력이 소금이 고결된 흙과 같은 입상재료의 거동에 중요한 영향을 끼치는 것을 보여준다.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.366-373
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• 2018

저장 중 배추의 부위, 크기, 저장온도와 절임액의 농도에 따라 배추에 침투하는 염과 당의 침투속도를 알아보고자 하였고 그에 따른 물성변화도 관찰하였다. 그 결과 배추의 크기가 작을수록, 절임액의 농도가 높을수록 배추로 침투하는 염과 당의 속도가 빨랐으며, 배추의 줄기보다 잎에서 비교적 빠른 침투속도를 보였다. 저장온도가 증가함에 따라 배추의 줄기로 침투하는 염과 당의 침투속도는 증가하였지만 잎의 경우 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장기간에 따른 배추 줄기와 잎의 풍미, 맛, 식감, 전반적인 선호도 등의 모든 항목에서 $5^{\circ}C$ 저장온도에서 저장한 배추만이 시간에 따른 기호도의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, 저장 3주차부터 저장온도가 높아질수록 기호도기 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한 절임액의 식초함량이 높을수록 줄기와 잎에서의 모든 항목의 기호도가 유의적으로 증가하였으나 잎의 경우 시간이 경과함에 따라 식초 6%에서 더 우수한 기호도를 나타내었다. 경도와 응집성은 모든 저장온도에서 1주차까지 급격히 감소한 이후 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았고, 식초의 농도에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 식초를 첨가하지 않은 대조군 경우 실험군보다 경도의 감소폭이 더 크고, 응집성의 감소폭이 더 작게 나타났다. pH의 경우 식초가 첨가된 실험군에서 식초의 농도가 높을수록 더 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 따라서 염 절임 배추에서 저장온도보다는 투입하는 염이나 당의 농도가 더 영향을 미쳤으며 첨가하는 식초함량이 조직변화에 많은 영향을 미침을 보여주었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2012

Eggplant pickles were classified into three groups based on salt concentration (1, 3, 5%) and three groups based on drying time (30, 60 and 120 minutes), followed by storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Raw eggplant contains 94.82% water content. The increase in salt concentration and drying time caused a decrease in the moisture content. Compared to the 0.27% ash content of raw eggplant, the ash content of eggplant pickles increased noticeably with increasing salt concentration due to penetration into the eggplant pickles. pH values decreased significantly as the levels of salt concentration and dying time increased (p<0.05). In terms of storage time, pH values decreased from 21 days. The variation in salinity increased significantly as the concentration of salt increased. Compared to normal pickles salted at 5.39% salinity, eggplant pickles constituted 0.27~0.77% (1%), 0.40~1.14% (3%), and 0.47~11.20% (5%) 'low-salinity' eggplant pickles. Reducing-sugar content differed on the dates of 7, 14 and 21 in drying time and at 3% salinity. Hardness differed at 30, 60, and 120M on the 28th and 1, 5% salt concentration. Resilience differed according to drying time and from dates of 0 to 14th. The number of total microbes decreased at low salinity. In terms of storage time, the number of microbes tended to decrease after the 21st. In the consumer preference test, lightness of 5%-30M was the highest value.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.409-416
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• 1985

In previous paper (Lee et al., 1983) processing method of sardine meat "surimi" was described as a part of the wort to develop new types of ready-to-cook food materials with dark fleshed fishes. As the other part of the work, processing of low salt mackerel fillet was investigated, in this paper, in which fresh mackerel was filleted, salted in brine or with dry salt for an adequate time until the expected salt concentration reached, washed, air dried (3 m/sec, 15 to $20^{\circ}C$), and finally packed individually in K-flex film bag by vacuum or $N_2$ gas substitution. Salting time and salt concentration of brine was decided by the salt level penetrated into the fillet. As the final salt level was fixed to 4 to $5\%$, salting for 20 hours with $10\%$ dry salt or in $15\%$ brine at $5^{\circ}C$ was enough to get that level of salt. If the final salt level was set 5 to $6\%$, salting for 20-24 hours with $15\%$ dry salt or in $20\%$ brine was adequate. Salt penetration, however, was not much influenced by salting method and temperature. Changes in VBN and salt soluble protein occurred more rapidly in cases of salting with dry salt at $20^{\circ}C$ than salted in brine at $5^{\circ}C$, although it was not significant in the period of 20 to 24 hours. Oxidation of lipid and histamine formation during salting at $20^{\circ}C$ could not be neglected if it was delayed loger than 25 hours. Insolubilizing the salt soluble proteins during the storage of salted fillet occurred rapidly regardless of storage temperature. Browning and histamine formation, however, was depended on temperature and packing condition. In case of air pack, deterioration by browning and rancid was deeply developed but not the case for the packs by vacuum or $N_2$ gas substitution. The shelf-life of the salted mackerel fillet based on panel scores of brown color and rancidity, appeared 21 days for the air packed, and more than 30 days for vacunm or $N_2$ gas packed fillet at $20^{\circ}C$.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.102-113
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• 2021

「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리 실시 세부지침(성능평가편)」의 내구성능 평가에서 열화환경 평가항목으로 제시된 제설제 및 비래염분에 의한 염해환경, 동해환경이 국내 국도 상 콘크리트 도로시설물의 염화물 침투특성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 강원 고성, 서울, 경기 고양, 부산에 위치한 교량 총 4개소, 강원권 방호울타리 4개소, 부산권 방호울타리 3개소 및 옹벽 1개소를 대상 시설물로 선정하였으며, 제설제에 의한 직접·간접적인 염해환경, 해안거리 및 교각 높이별 비래염분에 의한 염해환경에서 염화물 침투특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, (1) 제설제 살포일수(강설일수)에 따른 지역별 특성이 명확하게 구분되었고, (2) 바닥판 관통 누수 혹은 신축이음부를 통한 누수 등이 발생한 경우 침투 염화물량이 유의미한 수준까지 증가하였으며, (3) 부산 해안가에 위치한 교량의 경우 높이 20m까지 비래염분의 영향권에 해당함을 확인하였다. 이로부터, 동일한 시설물이라도 노출된 열화환경, 부재의 위치 및 높이, 열화진전상태에 따라 염화물 침투특성이 달라지기 때문에 시설물 점검 시 점검대상 부재 및 위치의 선정이 매우 중요함을 확인하였으며, 국내 지역별 및 부재별 열화환경에서의 염화물 침투특성에 관한 데이터베이스를 구축한다면 콘크리트 시설물에 대한 선제적인 내구성능 관리가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2005

The electrolytic reduction of spent oxide fuel involves the liberation of oxygen in a molten LiCl electrolyte, which results in a chemically aggressive environment that is very corrosive fir typical structural materials. So, it is essential to choose the optimum material f3r the process equipment handling molten salt. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Al-Y coated Haynes 263 in a molten salt of $LiCl-Li_2O$ under oxidation atmosphere was investigated at $650^{\circ}C$ for $72\~168$ hours. The corrosion rate of Al-Y coated Haynes 263 was low while that of bare Haynes 263 was high in a molten salt of $LiCl-Li_2O$. Al-Y coated Haynes 263 improved the corrosion resistance better than bare Haynes 263 alloy. An Al oxide layer acts as a protective film which Prohibits Penetration of oxygen. Corrosion Products were formed $Li(Ni,Co)O_2$ and $LiTiO_2$ on bare Haynes 263, but $LiAlO_2,\;Li_5Fe_5O_8\;and\;LiTiO_2$ on Al-Y coated Haynes 263.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.782-785
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• 2004

Salt attack is one of the serious deterioration factor with respect to the durability of concrete structure. Especially, in case of exposed rebar concrete structure in marine environment, corrosion of rebar is accelerated by penetration of $Cl^-$ from exterior. Through this path, volume of corroded rebar is increased about two and half times due to increased inner pressure originated from rust. As a consequence, the overall deterioration of concrete structure, namely, cracks, reduction of adhesive strength and pop-out is followed. In this paper, the effect of structure treatment of concrete on chloride resistance has been investigated. At the same time, the relationship among several characteristics, such as resistance to chloride, water absorption coefficient and surface hardness of concrete has been investigated. It is believed that surface performance improvement by the application of penetrative hardening agent influences on positively water absorption coefficient, surface hardness of concrete and resistance to chloride ion penetration.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.763-768
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• 1990

The gradient and depth of tin at the side of glasses by float process were measured. The effects of tin to ion exchanged of glasses in the molten salt of KNO3 and AgNO3 were presented by means of Ag+ ion penetration depth, diffusion coefficient variation, spectral transmittance and color coordinates. The diffusion coefficient of Ag+ ion of tin side was higher than air side, and the activation energy of tin side was 0.2-0.6Kcal/mole lower than air side. Therefore Ag+ ion penetration depth of tin side is 2-10$\mu\textrm{m}$ deeper, hence it can be seen that tin promote Ag+ ion diffusion. The same treatment of ion exchange, reddish-brown oflong wavelength in case of tin present, yellowish-amber of short wavelength in case of tin absence were revealed.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2014

This paper presents chloride induced corrosion durability of reinforcing steel in geopolymer concretes containing different contents of sodium silicate ($Na_2SiO_3$) and molarities of NaOH solutions. Seven series of mixes are considered in this study. The first series is ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete and is considered as the control mix. The rest six series are geopolymer concretes containing 14 and 16 molar NaOH and $Na_2SiO_3$ to NaOH ratios of 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5. In each series three lollypop specimens of 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, each having one 12 mm diameter steel bar are considered for chloride induced corrosion study. The specimens are subjected to cyclic wetting and drying regime for two months. In wet cycle the specimens are immersed in water containing 3.5% (by wt.) NaCl salt for 4 days, while in dry cycle the specimens are placed in open air for three days. The corrosion activity is monitored by measuring the copper/copper sulphate ($Cu/CuSO_4$) half-cell potential according to ASTM C-876. The chloride penetration depth and sorptivity of all seven concretes are also measured. Results show that the geopolymer concretes exhibited better corrosion resistance than OPC concrete. The higher the amount of $Na_2SiO_3$ and higher the concentration of NaOH solutions the better the corrosion resistance of geopolymer concrete is. Similar behaviour is also observed in sorptivity and chloride penetration depth measurements. Generally, the geopolymer concretes exhibited lower sorptivity and chloride penetration depth than that of OPC concrete. Correlation between the sorptivity and the chloride penetration of geopolymer concretes is established. Correlations are also established between 28 days compressive strength and sorptivity and between 28 days compressive strength and chloride penetration of geopolymer concretes.