• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to develop a paper strip which could determine E. coli qualitatively and quantitatively in water, wastewater, drinks, or food. This paper strip method was a simple and rapid test method that determine E. coli by visual identification. In this study, nutrient culture media were formulated and characterized for optimum conditions. Paper strips were then prepared by impregnating into the media and dried at $60^\circ$C. The test procedure is quite simple to use. The paper strip was dipped into a sample, and excess sample was removed. The strip was then incubated at $37^\circ$C for 16 to 20 hours and the number of colonies on the strip was counted. The color of the colony spots produced by microorganisms varied depending on the media formulation. Violet-red spots were produced by E. coli. The test method was simple, rapid and no special laboratory equipment was necessary for visual identification. Therefore, this test method is applicable to on-site tests such as field tests or home tests. The paper strip method was compared with the standard agar plate method and Japanese commercial product. The method of the economical preparation of test strips was studied for production on industrial scale.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

Chemicals for cosmetics, including skin, the skin absorbs some of the research in the field of science or pharmacy recently, about the environment and the health of the heightened interest in skin absorption. Many other human attributes and absorption evaluation studies are underway in various areas. This study were used rats and carried out to find out the effects of commercial permanent wave products to skin which are composed with thioglycolic acid and bases. Results were as follows. Permanent wave penetrated to 3 hours later with steady state in skins and was not significant changeable after 20hr later. In case of neutralizer with thioglycolic acid lag time and permeability coefficient in healthy skin were 3.32hr and $0.101{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, in old skin were 3.08hr and $0.117{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, and in wounded skin were 3.02hr and $0.166{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$. In conclusion, lag time and permeability coefficient in old skin and wounded skin were faster than healthy skin. In vivo, We were studied to general time and method of permanent wave. We found out that fine wrinkle and rash of skin were changeable in the case of treating with permanent wave drugs than normal skin.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1115-1129
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• 2013

The study area is located on the western coast, and the inner development construction has been ongoing since 2011. The purposes of current study are to effectively simulate and quantitatively predict a temporal and spatial distributions of water temperature and salinity due to the stages of inner development construction in saemangeum reclaimed area. The transient-state numerical modeling using EFDC model is done, and the numerical simulation results are validated reasonably by repetitive numerical model calibration procedures with respect to field measurements of water temperature and salinity. The spatial distributions of water temperature and salinity show similar trends before and after construction of the dikes. In spring season, the salinity has maximum value of 21 psu, while, in summer season, the salinity shows 7 psu in a whole modeling domain. Thus, it is clearly observed that salt water is replaced by freshwater. However, the salinity and temperature reach their initial conditions at the end of the year. The salinity after construction of the dikes is lower than that before construction of them at Mankyeong area. On the other hands, after construction of the dikes, the salinity after dredging operations is higher than that before dredging. Because drastical increasing of water volume in Saemangeum Lake leads to increasing of stagnation time at bottom layer, and salt water is easily intruded to the two estuaries. Therefore, it may be concluded that hydrodynamic characteristics on Saemangeum are dominated by either Mankyeong and Dongjin discharge or sluice gates in/out-flow amounts, and thus they must be properly considered when rigorous and reasonable predictions of water temperature and salinity according to the stages of inner development construction.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-42
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• 1969

Field studies were conducted with the split plot design of 20 treatment with a combination of 4 levels of 3, 5, 7 and 9 plants per hill and 5 levels of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 hills per 3.3$m^2$ on non-, low- and high-salty areas. Rice variety, Kusabue was grown under jthe standard fertilization and cultivating. Investigation was made on the productive structure of plant population, leaf-area index, light intensity curve by stratum of crop population at the panicle differentiation stage. The competition density effect on the photosynthetic capacity was low as the salt concentration became higher. This seemed to suggest the possiblity of an increased yielding capacity by closer planting in the salty areas. The effect of an increased number of hills per unit area was greater than that of an increased unmber of plants per hill due to the total leaf area and space distribution of the actie assimilation parts of rice plants. The number of ppanicle per unit area in the salty areas were increased when the number of hill per 3.3$m^2$ increased over an increased number of plants per hill, and the panicle weight was reduced by close planting in the non-lalty area, while it was not reduced so much in the salty areas. The number of grains per panicle was significantly decreased by close planting in the salty areas as in the non-salty area, and ratio of matured grain was not decreased even by close planting in the salty areas, while it was significantly decreased by close planting in the non-salty area. An increase in the rice yield was possible by close planting and greatly related to leaf area index in the salty areas but not in the non-salty area. Increasing the number of hills per unit area showed greater effect on the increase of the rice yield than an increased number of plants per hill in the salty areas. Relationships between the growth characteristics and the rice population affected by plant spacing mode for maximum production were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.6 no.2 s.12
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• pp.3-11
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• 2000

The high salt concentration of reclaimed tidelands in the beginning of reclamation interferes with the growth of most crops. Although the crops are cultivated in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields after desalinization to be arable, they we apt to be injured from salt by the resalinization through accumulated salts in the root zone during the growing period. In oder to make the reasonable irrigation plan in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the preventive water requirements of resalinization as well as leaching requirements have to be included in irrigation water requirements. The critical salinity for the normal growth of crops should be determined to estimate the preventive water requirements of resalinization, and the changes of salinity in soil and water should be analyzed during the growing period, In this study, the growth tests of crops were conducted by soil textures and water management methods in the experimental field with lysimeters, using the samples of good drainage soils and poor drainage soils. And the changes of salinity in soil and water during the growing period, were analyzed to obtain the basic data for determining the critical salinity and making the estimation criteria of the preventive water requirements of resalinization. As the results obtained from analyzing the changes of salinity during the growing period in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the exchanging interval of water for the prevention of resalinization was estimated to be within two weeks in good drainage soils and a week in poor drainage soils. And the total exchanging requirements of water for the prevention of resalinization during the growing period was estimated to be over 280mm in good drainage soils and 540mm in poor drainage soils.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.759-770
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• 1995

By extensive studies with the quantitative status of the mineral constituents of thousands of water samples, it was found that almost in all natural waters irrespective of the surface or sub-surface sources, minimum 99.5% of the total amount of the cationic constituents are generally the contributions of 3 commonly present parameters viz. Ca, Mg and Na and that of the anionic species are same and contributed by $HCO_3$, Cl and $SO_4$ only. In the field of water works, all these major mineral substances are conventionally measured as their individual ions. But till now, no reliable and generalised methods or rules have been developed for the determination of the exact kinds of the individual salt components and their amounts from these ionic constituents normally present in water. As salt content, only the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) parameter is frequently measured by evaporation of the water sample. But TDS can tell nothing about the kinds and amounts of the individual salts present in it. Considering the analytical importance of the estimation of the mineral substances as their individual salts, some generalised mathematical models have been developed by this research which are based on the 'hypothetical order of chemical combinations' as may occur among the ionic constituents. With the help of these models, one can easily assume the most probable salts with approximate quantities derived from the ionic constituents. In addition, approximate amount of Na content can also be estimated mathematically with simultaneous verification of the correctness of the water analysis results. The models are stated in this paper with practical illustrations and descriptions of the method of applications.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.30-38
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• 2015

In cold-climate regions, deicing agents is used for smooth traffic on the road due to freezing and snowdrift in winter. The use of de-icing salts has resulted in the accelerated scaling damage of concrete with salt damage under freezing and thawing condition. Scaling is the deterioration of concrete where in the paste-mortar structure delaminates in flakes from the surface of the concrete. Due to such damage, concrete pavement causes various problems such as early deterioration according to the decrease in the thickness of cover concrete and user's stability issues. Accordingly, various tests and evaluation methods have been suggested in order to evaluate these phenomena in other countries. However, there have been no regulations for the evaluation method in South Korea, and related studies are also very rare. Therefore, in this study, the evaluation methods proposed by each institution and country were investigated and the experiments were performed according to each regulation, followed by the comparison and analysis of the results. Furthermore, this study aims to suggest the optimized experimental method adopted to domestic field through the discussion of such experimental methods and results.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2009

Tissue engineering is a research field for artificial substitutes to improve or replace biological functions. Scaffolds play a important role in tissue engineering. Scaffold porosity and pore size provide adequate space, nutrient transportation and cell penetration throughout the scaffold structure. Scaffold structure is directly related to fabrication methods. This review will introduce the current technique of 3D scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering. The conventional technique for scaffold fabrication includes salt leaching, gas foaming, fiber bonding, phase seperation, melt moulding, and freeze drying. These conventional scaffold fabrication has the limitations of cell penetration and interconnectivity. In this paper, we will present the solid freeform fabrication (SFF) such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM), and 3D printing (3DP).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.808-814
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• 2013

In this study, The mixture of three kinds of pre-treatment agents, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt(CMC), Sodium alginate and Dextrin, have been prepared for the better coloration of digital textile printing. To get sharpness of outline during digital printing process, the optimal formulation is the CMC and Sodium alginate mixture 1:1 ratio by volume. Cyan, Yellow, and Black colours are excellent on the Sodium alginate mixtures. But, Magenta is excellent in the CMC and Dextrin mixture. Sharpness and printability are closely related to viscosity of the mixture. The most optimal sharpness of outline achieved with a consideration of coloring, and field operations account for production when the viscosity of the mixed pre-treatment agent approximately is 10~13 cSt. Change in shade and staining of wash fastness for all the treated samples with the mixtures rated 4-5 grade. Both dry rubbing fastness to shade change and staining are good in the treated samples, whereas wet rubbing fastness rated 2-3 grade. To improve wet rubbing fastness, the Sodium alginate and Dextrine mixture, which rated 3-4 grade for Black color, is applicable. With exception of 3 rating to black color, Light fastness is 4 rating for the remaining three colors in the regardless of treatment condition and mixing of the pre-treatment agent. Dry cleaning fastness of all samples are also 4-5 rating.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2005

Osmotic stress is one of major limiting factors in crop production. In particular, seasonal drought often causes the secondary disease in the field, resulting in severe reduction in both quality and productivity. Recent efforts have revealed that many genes encoding protein kinases play important roles in osmotic stress signal transduction pathways. Previously, the AtSIK (Arabidopsis thaliana Stress Inducible Kinase) mutants have shown to enhance tolerance to abiotic stresses, accompanying with higher expression of abiotic stress-related genes than did the wild-type plants. In this study, we have transformed potato (cv. Taedong Valley) with the AtSIK expression cassette. Both PCR and RT-PCR using AtSIK-specific primers showed stable integration and expression of the AtSIK gene in individual transgenic lines, respectively. Foliar application of herbicide ($Basta^{(R)}$) at commercial application rate (0.3% (v/v)) revealed another evidence of stable gene introduction of T-DNA which includes the bar gene for herbicide resistance. Overexpression of the AtSIK gene under dual CaMV35S promoter increased sensitivity to salt stress (300 mM NaCl), which was demonstrated by the reduction rate of chlorophyll contents in leaves of transgenic potato lines. These results suggest that possible increase of osmotic tolerance in potato plants may be achieved by antisense expression of AtSIK gene.