• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.100-113
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• 2012

The tombstone of Yi Chungmugong in the Joseon Dynasty located Namhae, Gyeongnam is consisted of sandstone. The Bisin and Bijwa of the tombstone have narrow range of magnetic value less than $0.2({\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit)$ and the Isu covered pigment on surface also has same magnetic susceptibility range. Therefore, the composition of all tombstone have similar lithological characteristics. The side of the tombstone appeared fine-grained sandstone to coarse-grained graywacke boundary clearly and back of tombstone observed lamination. Especially deterioration type is concentrated in front and back of the tombstone blistering (8.2% of back), scaling (10.2% of back), granular disintegration (28.1% of back) and discoloration (53.5% of front). Results of contaminants analysis, the front of the Bisin separated in 3 type of surface - granular disintegration-scaling. Among this area, surface detected Ca, S and Cl in high density, but these contaminants elements have more lower detect density from surface to granular disintegration. By contrast, on scaling area, these components are almost not detected, but Fe, K consisted of rock forming elements are detected. It is necessary to conservation and treatment of Yi Chungmugong tombstone in continuously, and salt cleaning on surface also needed. So through activity of conservation and restoration, epigraph preserved for their worth.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.65-72
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• 2020

Black dross is a dark gray dross generated during the aluminum recycling process that uses flux, and contains NaCl, KCl, Al2O3, MgO, etc. Black dross is separated into soluble substances (NaCl, KCl) and insoluble substances (Al2O4, MgO) through the dissolution process. Soluble materials can be reused as salt flux, and Al2O3 and MgO can be upcycled to various ceramic materials through the synthesis process. In this study, Mayenite was synthesized using Al2O3 and MgO recovered from black dross, and the synthesis was performed according to the mixing ratio and reaction temperature. It was confirmed that when Mayenite was synthesized using black dross (spinel) and CaCO3, precursors were changed to Mg0.4Al2.4O4 and CaO at 700 ℃, and to Ca12Al14O33 (Mayenite) after 800 ℃. In the mixing conditions experiment, it was confirmed that the Mayenite XRD peak increased with increase of the CaCO3 content, and the Mg0.4Al2.4O4 XRD peak decreased. As a result of the BET analysis of the synthesized powder, the surface area decreased as the fine particles were grown and agglomerated in the process of generating mayenite.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.199-212
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• 2021

The Sebyeonggwan Hall (National Treasure No. 305) is located on the Naval Headquarter of Three Provinces in Tongyeong, and it has partly undergone with several rebuilding, remodeling, repairing and restorations since it's the first establishment in Joseon Dynasty (AD 1605) of ancient Korea. This study focuses on 50 foundation stones that comprise the Sebyeonggwan. These stones are made of six rock types and currently have various shapes of the surface damages. As the foundation stones, the dominant rock type was dacitic lapilli tuffs, and provenance-based interpretation was performed to supply alternative stones for conservation. Most of the provenance rocks for foundation stones showed highly homogeneity with their corresponding stones of petrography, mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility. According to surface deterioration assessments, the most serious damages of the stones were blistering and scaling. The deterioration mechanism was identified through the analysis of inorganic contaminants, and the primary reason is considered salt weathering caused by sea breeze and other combined circumstances. Based on the mechanical durability of the stones, there was no foundation stone that required the replacement of its members attributed to the degradation of the rock properties, but conservation treatment is considered necessary to delay superficial damage. The foundation stones are characterized by a combined outcome of multiple petrological factors that caused physical damage to surfaces and internal defects. Therefore, it's required to diagnosis and monitoring the Sebyeonggwan regularly for long-term preservation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.611-619
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• 2023

The first survey of the airborne chlorides along the nationwide coast of South Korea was conducted 18 years ago, and the area index of coastal airborne chlorides and salt attack environmental rating are being utilized in the design, construction, and maintenance of domestic structures. However, due to environmental changessuch as climate change and coastal topography changes, changes of airborne chlorides along the coast are expected to occurregionally and by sea area. Therefore, the second survey has been conducted since 2021. Inthis paper, we analyzed the seasonal variations of airborne chlorides along the coast by region and sea area for one year of the second survey. Additionally, we compared the results withthe survey results of Japan's coastal airborne chlorides, which islocated close to South Korea and has a similar climate, to increase the objectivityofthe analysis. The averageairborne chloridesin the second surveywas highest on the west coast, and the seasonal variation was also the largest on the west coast. Looking at the seasonal variations by sea area, the East Sea had highairborne chloridesinthe summer and autumn,theWestSea inthe autumnandwinter, and the SouthSea in the summer. In addition, compared to the firstsurvey, allsea areasshowed short periods ofsignificantly higher coastalsalinity and clearerseasonal variations.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.28-53
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• 2024

In general, high-level radioactive waste (HLW) generated as a result of nuclear power generation should be disposed within the country. Determination of the disposal site and host rock for HLW deep geological repository is an important issue not only scientifically but also politically, economically, and socially. Considered host rock types worldwide for geological disposal include crystalline rocks, sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and salt dome. However, South Korea consists of various rock types except salt dome. This paper not only analyzed the geological and rock mechanical characteristics on a nationwide scale with the preliminary results on various rock type studies for the disposal host rock, but also reviewed the characteristics and possibility of various rock types as a host rock through deep drilling surveys. Based on the nationwide screening for host rock types resulted from literature review, rock distributions, and detailed case studies, Jurassic granites and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Jinju and Jindong formations) were derived as a possible candidate host rock types for the geological disposal. However, since the analyzed data for candidate rock types from this study is not enough, it is suggested that the disposal rock type should be carefully determined from additional and detailed analysis on disposal depth, regional characteristics, multidisciplinary investigations, etc.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.33 no.1_2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2021

The maximum upper limit of seawater inflow can be recognized by the acid-resistant dinoflagellate cysts and salt-marsh pollen encountered from surface samples in the lower reach of Jujin Stream facing Gomso Bay. Based on their relative yield ratio, the downstream area of Jujin Stream could be further subdivided into coastal marine, brackish-upper limit brackish, and freshwater environments. The abundance of dinoflagellate cysts from JJR-41 to JJR-36 sites reflects that this area is a coastal marine. In the section between JJR-35 and JJR-5 sites, dinoflagellate cysts associated with pollen derived from riparian or salt-marsh (e.g., reeds and sedges) appear to reflect the brackish environments. It may be indicated that dinoflagellate cysts appear up to the JJR-4 site, which is the maximum upper limit where seawater flows up to this point at high tide. This analysis is relatively well corresponding to the hypothetical inundation map showing the maximum flooding area where seawater can flow at high tide.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2010

The electrolyzed sterilizing water is useful functional aqueous solution, which is produced by electrolyzing aqueous solution. Electrolytic supplement such as salt or hydrochloric acid is added into tap water. Electrolyzed sterilizing water is classified as three types; strongly acidic electrolyzed water, weakly acidic electrolyzed water, and sodium hypochlorite water. In this study, preparation principles, advantages, and disadvantages of electrolyzed sterilizing water were analyzed. The technology trend in electrolyzed sterilizing water was analyzed based on patent application year, countries, main applicants, and each technologies.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 2006

Talaromyces flavus mediates the transmission of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) to several host plants. The ASGV-F carried by T.flavus was partially purified from the fungus. Based on sequence analysis and homology searches, this is closely related to other ASGV strains isolated from host plants. The partially purified viral coat protein (CP) was separated on a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and analyzed by Western blotting with an ASGV anti-serum. A single band at 28 kDa reacted with the ASGV anti-serum. The deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF-l showed conserved domains, including an NTP-binding helicase motif, GFAGSGKT. The amino acid sequences of the helicase and CP showed strong homology to other ASGV strains (98%). All ASGV isolated from plants and fungi had salt bridges composed of the CP and the GFAGSGKT motif of the helicase, which are commonly conserved in plant viruses. These results suggest that ASGV-F is one of ASGV strains isolated from T.flavus based on sequence similarity as well as the serological analysis of CP.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1881-1886
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• 2010

Hydrothermal reaction of zinc(II) salts with 5-sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt ($NaO_3SC_6H_3$-1,3-(COOH)$_2$, $NaH_2$-SIP) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) led to two new compounds, [Zn(phen)$_3$$\cdot2H_2SIP\cdot4H_2O$ (1) and [Zn(phen)$_2(H_2O)_2]\cdot2H_2SIP\cdot2H_2O$ (2). They were characterized by element analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds 1-2 represent the first example of Zn/phen/SIP system. The Zn (II) ion in 1 is six-coordinated by six nitrogen atoms from three phen molecules, and the $H_2SIP^-$ ligands engage in the formation of hydrogen bond. The Zn(II) ion in 2 is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from two phen molecules and two oxygen atoms from two water molecules. Moreover, both 1 and 2 are assembled into 3D supramolecular architectures by hydrogen bonds (O-H$\ldots$O) and $\pi-\pi$ interactions. Solvent water molecules occupying voids of the compounds serve as receptors or donors of the extensive O-H$\ldots$O hydrogen bonds.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2001

Rare earth elements(REE) were separated by solvent extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate(TBP) and $NaNO_3$, followed by back extraction with water. The method was applied to the determination of REE to circumvent the spectral interferences of ICP-AES analysis. The effects of the $NaNO_3$ concentration and the addition of hydrophobic solvents on the extraction efficiencies were investigated. Increases of the $NaNO_3$ concentration enhanced the extraction efficiencies of REE, and more than 95% recoveries were obtained at 5M of $NaNO_3$ concentration. On the other hand, addition of hydrophobic solvents lowered the extraction efficiencies. The method was applied to determine the REE in the monazite sample. But the precisions of the analytical results were more than 20%.