• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 1986

The activities of serum of serum lactate dehydrogenase (SLDH), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK), and their isozymes were determined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated to cold environment $(4\\pm1^\\circC)$ for 36 days. The SLDH activity was significantly higher in the early stage of acclimated period. The steady state of SLDH activity seemed to be reached by the end of acclimated period. Electrophoretic separation of serum of control rat showed three SLDH isozymes. Isozymes SLDH4 and SLDH5 appeared most prominently, whereas only trace of SLDH1 or SLDH2 was found. The increase in SLDH level during acclimation to cold environment is a reflection of an immediate increase in the SLDH1, SLDH2, and SLDH3 type of SLDH isozyme. The acclimation to cold environment increased significantly level of SALP in the early state of acclimated period. SALP activity showed a attaining steady state with the resting level after transient rise. Electrophoretic separation of SALP of control rats showed the SALP1 and SALP2 fractions. The transient rise in SALP activity of rats acclimated to cold environment coincided with a transient rise in SALP1 fraction. Immediately after exposure to cold environment, there was significant elevation in SCPK activity. Value returned to normal after transient rise. A new steady state of SCPK activity seemed to be reached by 36 days. It may be inferred from the above data that thermal compensation appears to result from a change in the activity of an enzyme and that the SLDH, SLDH-isozyme, SALP-isozyme, and SCPK may be involved directly or indirectly in thermoregulation during acclimation to cold environment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2007

Long-tenn variation in krill (Euphausia superba) and salp (mainly Salpa thompsoni) stocks was compared to environmental changes in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Antarctic. Environmental conditions examined were air temperature, water temperature, salinity, and sea-ice extent from 1926 to 1938 and from 1982 to 2000. The long-term pattern of krill was opposite to that of salp: krill stock decreased while salp stock increased concurrently. Krill stock was about three-fold higher from 1926 to 1938 than from 1982 to 2000, but salp was about four -fold lower in 1926-1938 than in 1982-2000. A wanning trend was observed in the environmental data, and the long-term variation in krill and salp stocks was affected by this trend.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2225-2239
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• 2021

To assist in data collection, the use of a mobile sink has been widely suggested in the literature. Due to the limited sensor node's storage capacity, this manner to collect data induces huge latencies and drop packets. Their buffers will be overloaded and lead to network congestion. Recently, a new bio-inspired optimization algorithm appeared. Researchers were inspired by the swarming mechanism of salps and thus creating what is called the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). This paper improves the sink mobility to enhance energy dissipation, throughput, and convergence speed by imitating the salp's movement. The new approach, named the Mobile Sink based on Modified Salp Swarm Algorithm (MSSA), is approved in a heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) data collection. The performance of the MSSA protocol is assessed using several iterations. Results demonstrate that our proposal surpass other literature algorithms in terms of lifespan and throughput.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 2023

In the case of designing control devices in a building, reliance on experimental formulation or engineering concepts without using optimization algorithms leads to non-optimal solutions or design parameters, which makes the use of control devices costly and unreasonable. The optimization algorithms are capable of identifying the required number of parameters for a specific design problem, however, this process is difficult and inefficient in dealing with some specific optimal design processes. This paper aims to introduce an upgraded version of the salp swarm algorithm to handle some engineering design. The performance of the new upgraded algorithm is tested using some benchmark test functions as well as a six-story benchmark building equipped with semi-active MR dampers. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be successfully applied to get an optimal design of the MR dampers in the building.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1142-1166
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• 2020

Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) is a new nature-inspired swarm optimization algorithm that mimics the swarming behavior of salps navigating and foraging in the oceans. SSA has been proved to enable to avoid local optima and enhance convergence speed benefiting from the adaptive nonlinear mechanism and salp chains. In this paper, visual tracking is considered to be a process of locating the optimal position through the interaction between leaders and followers in successive images. A novel SSA-based tracking framework is proposed and the analysis and adjustment of parameters are discussed experimentally. Besides, the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis are performed to demonstrate the tracking effect of our proposed approach by comparing with ten classical tracking algorithms. Extensive comparative experimental results show that our algorithm has good performance in visual tracking, especially for abrupt motion tracking.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 1975

Activities of serum alkaline phosphatase(SALP) and serum acid phosphatase (SACP) have been assayed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ and $33^\\circ C$for 240 hours and 64 hours, respectively. The alteration in the activities of SALP and SACP in rats acclimated to $33^\\circ C$ was generally greater than those acclimated to $30^\\circ C$. The SACP and SALP activities of the rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ showed generally a persistently high levels in comparison to the control. It may be inferred that the SALP and SACP positibly be involved directly or indirectly in thermoregulation during acclimation to $30^\\circ C$.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.719-730
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• 2020

Recently, population based optimization algorithms are developed to deal with a variety of optimization problems. In this paper, the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is dramatically enhanced and a new algorithm is named Enhanced Salp Swarm Algorithm (ESSA) which is effectively utilized in optimization problems. To generate the ESSA, an opposition-based learning and merit function methods are added to standard SSA to enhance both exploration and exploitation abilities. To have a clear judgment about the performance of the ESSA, firstly, it is employed to solve some mathematical benchmark test functions. Next, it is exploited to deal with engineering problems such as optimally designing the benchmark buildings equipped with multiple tuned mass damper (MTMD) under earthquake excitation. By comparing the obtained results with those obtained from other algorithms, it can be concluded that the proposed new ESSA algorithm not only provides very competitive results, but also it can be successfully applied to the optimal design of the MTMD.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2019

This paper studies damage detection as an optimization problem. A new objective function based on changes in natural frequencies, and Natural Frequency Vector Assurance Criterion (NFVAC) was developed. Due to their easy and fast acquisition, natural frequencies were utilized to detect structural damages. Moreover, they are sensitive to stiffness reduction. The method presented here consists of two stages. Firstly, Finite Element Model (FEM) is updated. Secondly, damage severities and locations are determined. To minimize the proposed objective function, a new bio-inspired optimization algorithm called salp swarm was employed. Efficiency of the method presented here is validated by three experimental examples. The first example relates to three-story shear frame with two single damage cases in the first story. The second relates to a five-story shear frame with single and multiple damage cases in the first and third stories. The last one relates to a large-scale eight-story shear frame with minor damage case in the first and third stories. Moreover, the performance of Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) was compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results show that better accuracy is obtained using SSA than using PSO. The obtained results clearly indicate that the proposed method can be used to determine accurately and efficiently both damage location and severity in multi-story shear frames.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 1989

The level of serum alkaline phosphatase activity was determined in 7 Japanese Black steers at different ages. The isoenzyme activity of non-bone origin was estimated using a heat-inactivation technique. The activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP, K-A unit) decreased as age (AGE, mo.) increased: SALP = 14.15 - 0.17 (${\pm}\;0.03$) AGE, r = -0.81, P<0.01, $S.E.\;{\pm}\;0.28$. The variation of the activity was greater in younger age than the older. The temperature of $58^{\circ}C$ for the treatment of heat inactivation of bovine serum appeared to be suitable. The percentage of heat inactivated enzyme activity negatively correlated with age and positively with the level of serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The activity of SALP of non-bone origin was inferred to stay at about constant level irrespective of age and that of bone origin decreased with age.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.1225-1232
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• 2023

The ¹⁸⁰W is the lightest isotope of Tungsten with small abundance ratio. It is slightly radioactive (α decay), with an extremely long half-life. Its separation is possible by non-conventional single withdrawal cascades. The ¹⁸⁰W is used in radioisotopes production and study of metals through gamma-ray spectroscopy. In this paper, single withdrawal cascade model is developed to evaluate multicomponent separation in non-conventional transient cascades, and available experimental results are used for validation. Numerical studies for separation of ¹⁸⁰W in a transient single withdrawal cascade are performed. Parameters affecting the separation and equilibrium time of cascade such as number of stages, cascade arrangements, feed location and flow rate for a fixed number of gas centrifuges (GC) are investigated. The Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) as a bio-inspired optimization algorithm is applied as a novel method to minimize the feed consumption to obtain desired concentration in the collection tank. Examining different cascade arrangements, it is observed in arrangements with more stages, the separation is further efficient. Based on the obtained results, with increasing feed flow rate, for fixed product concentration, the cascade equilibrium time decreases. Also, it is shown while the feed location is the farthest stage from the collection tank, the separation and cascade equilibrium time are well-organized. Finally, using SSA optimal parameters of the cascade is calculated, and optimal arrangement to produce 5 gr of ¹⁸⁰W with 90% concentration in the tank, is proposed.