• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8187-8190
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• 2016

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect epithelial tissues. Specific genotypes of human papillomavirus are the single most common etiological agents of cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. Cervical cancer usually arises at squamous metaplastic epithelium of transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix featuring infection with one or more oncogenic or high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types. A hospital-based study in a rural set up was carried out to understand the association of HR-HPV with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and cervical cancer. In the present study, HR-HPV was detected in 65.7% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 84.6% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and 94% of cervical cancer as compared to 10.7% of controls. The association of HPV infection with SIL and cervical cancer was analyzed with Chi square test (p<0.001). The significant association found confirmed that detection of HR-HPV is a suitable candidate for early identification of cervical precancerous lesions and in the prevention of cervical cancer in India.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.40-58
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• 2000

Nurses are medical personnel, who play a key role in supporting patient care, so it is important to supply them adequately in balance with ever increasing medical demand. But there appears severe shortage of nurses in some hospitals because of their uneven distribution, especially in small sized-hospitals and rural-hospitals. As nationwide distorted distribution of nurses in Korea is just like what monopsony model(a kind of market structure model) tells us, it is attempted to explain this situation of nurse labor market in Korea on the basis of monopsony model and presented in this paper. Specifically, determinants of nurse wage and the level of their relative employment were examined, and monopsony impact on their wage and the level of relative employment controlling those determinants were studied. Major results of this study arc as follows. The most important determinant of nurse wage level in this study was the wage level of a local community where each hospital located Hospital owner's characteristics an educational function of each hospital were also important factors. With these factor controlled, it was found that monopsony power of each hospital was negativel associated with nurse wage level as expected. 1% increase in monopsony power of hospital(measured by Herfindah-Hirschman Index) reduced nurse wage by $5,674{\sim}19,19$ won(in Korean currency). With regard to the level of relative employment, the most important determinant wa the capacity for supplying nurses of the local community. Again, hospital owner characteristics and educational function of each hospital were also important. With these factors controlled, it was found that monopsony power of each hospital was negative associated with the number of nurses per bed, as expected. 1% increase in monopsony power of each hospital(again measured by Herfindah-Hirschman Index) reduced the number of nurses per 100 bed as much as $0.46{\sim}0.67$. In conclusion. structural factors of nurse labor market influence the instability of nurse labor supply in Korea. Further consideration for these market structural characteristics needed for policy making related to nurse resource allocation.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.96-108
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• 1990

도시와 농촌지역 고등학생들의 상병 및 의료이용 양상을 파악하여 보건교육자료로 활용하고, 학교보건 정책을 수립하는데 도움이 되고자 1989년 3월 27일부터 4월 8일까지 부산 학생 1,979명과 경남 학생 1,315명의 남 녀 인문계 고등학생을 대상으로 설문조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대상학생 중 37.8%가 1개월 간에 1회이상 상병을 경험하였으며, 월간 상병률은 1,000 명당 453.2였다. 도시학생(550.8)이 농촌학생(306.5) 보다 여학생(561.9)이 남학생(328.3) 보다 높았다(P<0.01).

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.46-48
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• 1980

A case of sparganosis was presented. Sparganosis is not infrequent tissue helminthiasis in Korea and the incidence has been evidently increased. The patient was a 50-year-old Korean male who had a habit of eating raw flesh of fresh water fish. He first noticed the appearance of two peanut-sized masses in the right subcostal region, however, the two masses enlarged gradually to a pigeon egg size during 5 years. On surgical exploration, one larva (61 cm in length and 4 to 6 mm in width) from two masses was extracted. It was moved actively in warm physiological saline solution.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.536-545
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• 1998

연구배경: 우리나라의 노력성 호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치에 관한 연구는 청년과 중년층이 대부분인 집단을 대상으로 이루어져 실제 폐기능검사를 많이 하는 고령인구를 거의 포함하고 있지 않다. 이에 저자들은 일부 농촌지역 50세 이상 건강인군에서 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치 산출 공식을 구하고 이들 기존의 연구들과 비교하여 고연령층에서 적정한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치를 살펴보고자 했다. 방 법: 일부 농촌지역 50세 이상 성인 533명(남자 215명, 여자 318명)을 대상으로 적절한 폐기능검사를 행했으며 담배를 피지 않으며 만성기침, 가래, 천명 등의 호흡이 증상과 심폐질환의 과거력, 척추와 흉곽의 변형 등 호흡기계에 영향을 끼치는 항목을 갖지 않는 건강인군 남자 32명, 여자 110명을 선정하였다. 이들로부터 노력성 호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치를 위한 회귀방정식을 구하고 다른 연구의 회귀방정식과 비교해 보았다. 결 과: 남녀 모두에서 FVC는 나이와 음의 상관관계를, 키와는 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. $FEV_1$은 여자에서는 나이와 음의 상관관계를, 키와는 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으나 남자에서는 키 대신 몸무게가 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 남녀 모두에서 FEVl%와 유의한 상관을 보이는 변수는 없었다. 본 연구의 평균 나이, 키, 몸무게을 넣어 구한 추정정상치를 비교해보면 남자에서는 본연구의 FVC, FEV1 값이 다른 연구의 추정치에 비해 매우 낮은 값을 보이고 있으나 여자의 FVC, FEV1 값은 미국에서 고령의 흑인을 대상으로한 연구와 각각 비슷하거나 약간 높은값을 보였다. 결 론: 일부 농촌에서 50세 이상 건강인군에서 나이, 키, 몸무게를 독립변수로 한 노력성호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치를 산출하는 회귀방정식을 구하였다. 본 연구의 추정정상치들은 기존의 국내 연구에서의 추정정상치에 비해 낮은 값을 보이고 있다. 고령층 인구집단을 대상으로 ATS의 권고 기준에 합당한 폐활량 측정법 검사지표들의 추정 정상치를 구하는 연구들이 앞으로 더 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.49-63
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• 1999

1. 건강증진을 위한 농촌형과 도시형을 특성을 고려한 다양한 시설 및 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다. 순천시 주민의 건강실천행위는 미흡하다고 할 수 있으며 특히 농촌지역은 기본적인 의료시설 뿐만 아니라 건강증진을 위한 체육시설도 갖추고 있지 않다. 건강 행태를 실천하도록 유도하기 위한 다양한 시설과 교육프로그램을 개발하여 올바른 생활습관이 되도록 유도해야 할 것이다. 2. 건강증진을 위하여 지역사회와의 제휴를 형성하여 지역 구성원들이 적극 참여하도록 해야 한다. 좋은 보건교육프로그램이 있다 하더라도 지역 주민의 참여와 지원 없이는 성공할 수 없다. 그러므로 사기관, 자선기관, 공공보건조직을 프로그램에 따라 연계하여 실질적으로 전 주민의 참여를 유도할 수 있어야 한다. 3. 보건소의 역할에 대한 중요성을 재인식하고 지역의료체계의 핵심적인 중추기관으로서의 기능을 재정립해야 한다. 의료시설이 미비한 농촌지역의 경우는 보건지소와 보건진료소가 의료시설의 역할을 대행할 수 있는 수준으로 준비가 되어 접근성이 부족한 주민들의 불편함을 보완할 수 있다. 보건소가 지금까지 수행해온 기능을 재정리하고 지역주민이 무엇을 원하고 있는가를 파악하여 지역보건의료에 관련된 전체적인 계획을 수립하는데 기초로 삼아야 할 것이다. 이제까지의 사업실적위주의 업무에서 탈피하여 구체적인 기획을 수행하는 의사결정기구로서의 역할에 그 중요성을 두어야 할 것이다. 4. 지역주민의 요구사항을 적극 수용할 수 있는 정보시스템의 구축이 필요하다. 현대는 정보화 시대이기 때문에 빠른 업무 수행이 그 성과의 승패를 좌우할 수 있을 것이다. 현장에서 직접 주민의 요구를 수용하여 정책으로 처리하기 위해서는 정보화가 필수적이다. 순천시인 경우 그 특성상 농촌형과 도시형이 함께 존재하는데, 현재와 같이 일일이 개별 방문만을 통한 관리는 시간적으로나 경제적으로 효율적이지 않으므로 주민들의 요구를 정확히 파악하여 필요한 정보관리를 위해서는 보건의료 정보화의 구축이 시급하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.118-129
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• 1990

Socioeconomic status in this county progressed rapidly, this has brought about many changes in health care fields, namely, pattern of disease prevalence and morbidity, increase of the aged people, and also availability of health care in rural areas. According to the utilization study of medical care, it showed that the oriental medicine is used for the treatment of lasted chronic disease not the minor and common diseases which is quick in its effect. Particularly, in rural areas. prevalence of chronic disease is higher than that in urban areas. Although the health cafe need of the oriental medicine is high in rural areas, the distribution of manpower and facilities is lower than that in urban areas. Therefore the government has planned to implement the demonstration project for the oriental medicine at the designated 3 health centers in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to collect the utilization level of oriental medical care of the people in rural areas. To meet the purpose of this study, patient interview were applied. 790 patients visited to health center in project areas were selected and analyzed by experienced interviewers from 2 April to 21 April 1990. The major findings of this study were as follows ; 1) Of the 790 patients, 32.6 percent of the respondents had experience of using the oriental medicine. As for the utilization by age and sex. 54.8% of those was female and 70.7% was 40 years of age and more. 2) Reaction to the question of educational achievement showed that on schooling and primary school graduates accounted for 63.1%. 3) The most user of oriental medicine resides in country level, where the health center is located, and 80 percent of those users resides within 10Km. 4) More than 50% of the total was the chronic diseases which lingered for more than 3months. 5) 32.6 percent of the total cases used the oriental medicine. 61.2% among those was treated by oriental medical care hospital and 38.8% by oriental drug dispensaries etc. 6) The contont of oriental medical care varied ; 50.1% for prescription of herb drugs for treatment, 25.1% for health maintenance and 23.9% for acupuncture, moxibustion etc. 7) As for the motivation for using the oriental medicine. 56.6% of the respondents was for treatment of diseases and 27.9% wes for strengthening the physical weakness. 8) As for the effectiveness of the oriental medicine. 70.3% of the total cases satisfied with that treatment and 84.2% of the total cases will use the oriental medicine when is provided by health center.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.551-565
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a day care center model focused on public health institutions for the elderly residing in their homes. Method: Research design for this study was a mult-level research, which consisted of a related literature review, an Internet search for knowledge of the current situation at home and abroad, on-site interviews, questionnaires collected from a sample of residents in a rural area, and a key-informants approach. Results: 1) The subjects of service - Generalized service should be provided to the elderly, 65 years and older, regardless of their assets. 2) The contents of service - Providing pre-health oriented and post-social welfare service that can integrate and satisfy a wide variety of public health and welfare needs of the elderly would strengthen the health care service of a day care center for the elderly. 3) Delivery system - Basic-level local self-governments should become a central operating body, and establishing a properly adjusted delivery system to a rural area after considering the efficiency and the access of vulnerable rural areas is needed based on modification of 'a Special Law for Agricultural and Fishery Areas' (rural public health center>rural health sub-center ${\rightarrow}$ unified health sub-center ${\rightarrow}$ public health hospital (public health center) ${\rightarrow}$ public welfare office). 4) Facility - Public health facilities such as public health centers and sub-centers should be located in areas that can easily access the facilities. 5) Funding - For day care center for the elderly in local self-government, the central government should modify a relevant implementation of subsidy in and provide some facilities and service regardless of the degree of self reliance of local self-government. 6) Human resources - It is needed to guarantee the period of workers of a day care center for the elderly, at least 3 to 5 years, with considering their specialty on aged care and avoiding circulation based positions. Furthermore, appropriate specially trained personnel such as medical workers and social workers should be placed to take care of both health service and welfare through strengthening of 'rules of law of elderly welfare,' Conclusion: future research is needed to test the model through a demonstration study using a model which may be developed in the future and to standardize the appraisal criteria of people hoping to enter a day care center for the elderly.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2016

Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) are hydrophilic synthetic polymers which could absorb water by hundreds of their own weight. They are used for multiple purpose including hygienic goods, soil conditioners, and hospital supplies. It is necessary to investigate the standard of their use including the amendment rate for soil application in agricultural fields. It is also important to understand their effects on the soil water content and engineering characteristics. The objective of this study is to find the water absorbing capacity and reusability of SAPs, and the characteristics of water release and effect of them on soil water content and engineering characteristics. In the result, SAPs per unit weight (1 g) used for this research could absorb about 200 g of water in max. The water absorbing capacity decreased after SAPs were used repeatedly. Released water of SAPs could provide the soils with about 9 % of the soil water content. Soil water content increased with decreasing distance from the SAPs. The distance of release was spreaded out with increasing water absorbed of SAPs. Finally, when a drainage and the capacity of soil water content were considered, it is recommended to amend the SAPs with soil by less than 0.25 %.