• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.537-543
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• 1999

Whole horse beans (Vicia faba cv. Alfred) (WHB) were pressure toasted at different temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 minutes in order to determine an optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch (BPSt) as glucose source which is usually limiting nutrient in highly producing dairy cows in the Netherlands. Starch (St) Ruminal Degradative Kinetics and Fermentation Characteristics of (SRDC) of WHB were determined using in sacco technique in 4 lactating dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy cow requirements. Measured characteristics of St were soluble fraction (S), potentially degradable fraction (D) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass starch (BPSt) was calculated according to the Dutch new feed evaluation system: the DVE/OEB system. Pressure toasting temperatures significantly affected starch gelatinization (p<0.01). Degradability of Starch in the rumen was highly reduced by pressure toasting (p<0.01). S varied from 58.2% in the raw WHB (RWHB as a control) to 19.6% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). D varied from 41.8% in RWHB to 80.5% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. D fraction was enormously increased with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). Kd varied from 4.9%h in RWHB to 3.4%/h in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. All these effects resulted in increasing %BPSt from 29.0% in RWHB to 53.1% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. Therefore BPSt increased from 93.5 g/kg in RWHB to 173.5 g/kg in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. The effects of pressure toasting on %BPSt and BPSt seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal pressure toasting conditions could be determined at this stage. But among 10 treatments, The treatment of $136^{\circ}C/15min$was the best with the highest BPSt content. It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to small intestine to increase bypass starch.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fibre (NFC/NDF) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Four $Dorper{\times}thin-tailed$ Han crossbred lambs, averaging $62.3{\pm}1.9kg$ of body weight and 10 mo of age, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of combinations of two levels of NFC/NDF (1.0 and 1.7) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of crude protein [CP]). Duodenal nutrient flows were measured with dual markers of Yb and Co, and microbial N (MN) synthesis was estimated using $^{15}N$. High UDP decreased organic matter (OM) intake (p = 0.002) and CP intake (p = 0.005). Ruminal pH (p<0.001), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$; p = 0.008), and total volatile fatty acids (p<0.001) were affected by dietary NFC/NDF. The ruminal concentration of $NH_3-N$ was also affected by UDP (p<0.001). The duodenal flow of total MN (p = 0.007) was greater for lambs fed the high NFC/NDF diet. The amount of metabolisable N increased with increasing dietary NFC:NDF (p = 0.02) or UDP (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the diets with high NFC/NDF (1.7) and UDP (50% of CP) improved metabolisable N supply to lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1127-1136
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• 2013

Four rumen-fistulated crossbred beef cattle (Brahman native) were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design experiment to be fed plant herb supplements in their concentrate mixture. The treatments were: without herb supplementation (Control), lemongrass meal supplementation at 100 g/d (L), lemongrass meal supplementation at 100 g/d plus peppermint powder at 10 g/d (LP), and lemongrass meal supplementation at 100 g/d plus peppermint powder at 10 g/d with garlic powder 40 g/d (LPG), respectively. Based on the present study, the DMI and apparent digestibility of DM, OM, aNDF and ADF were not affected by dietary herb supplementation while CP digestibility tended to be decreased by herb supplement. Moreover, $NH_3$-N and BUN were decreased in all herb supplemented treatments and there was a tendency to an increase in ruminal pH in all herb supplemented groups. While there was no change in TVFA and C4 among lemongrass treatments, C2 was decreased in all herb supplemented treatments while C3 was increased. Methane production by calculation was the lowest in the LP and LPG groups. Population sizes of bacteria and protozoa were decreased in all herb supplemented groups, but not fungal zoospores. In all supplemented groups, total viable and proteolytic bacteria were decreased, while amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria were similar. More importantly, in all herb supplemented groups, there were higher N balances, while there was no difference among treatments on purine derivative (PD) excretion or microbial N. Based on the results above, it could be concluded that there was no negative effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient utilization by plant herb supplement, but protozoal population and $CH_4$ production were reduced. Thus, lemongrass alone or in combination with peppermint and garlic powder could be used as feed additives to improve rumen fermentation efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

Twenty-four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a Rrandomized complete block design (RCBD) to investigate the effect of sunflower oil supplementation (SFOS) with cassava hay based-diets on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation efficiency and milk production. The treatments were as follows: T1 = Control, using commercial concentrate as a supplement (CON); T2 = Concentrate with cassava hay (CHSO-0); T3 = Concentrate with cassava hay and 2.5% sunflower oil (CHSO-2.5); T4 = Concentrate with cassava hay and 5% sunflower oil (CHSO-5). The cows were offered concentrate feed at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results revealed that feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and ruminal pH were similar among all treatments, while ruminal NH3-N was lower (p<0.05) with SFOS. Blood urea-N (BUN) and milk urea-N (MUN) were not significantly affected by SFOS. The ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids were significantly different among the treatments. Sunflower oil supplementation significantly increased concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, and ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the milk, particularly the conjugated fatty acids, was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, production costs of treatments with sunflower oil supplementation were lower than for the control. Based on this study, SFOS in cassava hay based-diets improves rumen ecology, milk yield and milk quality, especially in terms of conjugated linoleic acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1590-1597
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to identify the relationship between odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) and microbial nucleic acid bases in the rumen, and to establish a model to accurately predict microbial protein flow by using OBCFA. Methods: To develop the regression equations, data on the rumen contents of individual cows were obtained from 2 feeding experiments. In the first experiment, 3 rumen-fistulated dry dairy cows arranged in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square were fed diets of differing forage to concentration ratios (F:C). The second experiment consisted of 9 lactating Holstein dairy cows of similar body weights at the same stage of pregnancy. For each lactation stage, 3 cows with similar milk production were selected. The rumen contents were sampled at 4 time points of every two hours after morning feeding 6 h, and then to analyse the concentrations of OBCFA and microbial nucleic acid bases in the rumen samples. Results: The ruminal bacteria nucleic acid bases were significantly influenced by feeding diets of differing forge to concentration ratios and lactation stages of dairy cows (p<0.05). The concentrations of OBCFAs, especially odd-chain fatty acids and C15:0 isomers, strongly correlated with the microbial nucleic acid bases in the rumen (p<0.05). The equations of ruminal microbial nucleic acid bases established by ruminal OBCFAs contents showed a good predictive capacity, as indicated by reasonably low standard errors and high R-squared values. Conclusion: This finding suggests that the rumen OBCFA composition could be used as an internal marker of rumen microbial matter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.801-818
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• 2007

본 연구는 보리의 급여수준 또는 가공 형태가 반추위 내 발효특성과 소화율 및 한우의 성장과 육질에 미치는 효과를 조사하고자 실시하였다. 분쇄보리와 압편보리를 이용하여 반추위 fistula를 장착한 한우암소 4두를 이용하여 4종류 시험사료(옥수수구, Corn; 분쇄보리구, GB; 압편보리구, DRB; 분쇄압편보리구, GDRB)에 대한 소화시험을 수행하였고(시험 1), 아울러 19개월령 거세한우 40두를 공시하여 비육후기 한우 거세우의 보리 급여가 육질에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위한 사양시험을 실시하였다(시험 2). 시험 1: 보리첨가 시험사료의 소화 및 영양학적 가치 조사1.사료 섭취에 따른 반추위 내 pH의 변화는 GB와 DRB에 비해 Corn 및 GDBR 형태에서 pH의 저하 폭이 더 컸으며, GDRB구는 최저 pH가 5.5까지 떨어져 반추위 내에서 사료분해가 급격하게 이루어지는 경향을 보였다. 2.암모니아농도의 변화는 시험사료에 따른 차이는 없었으나, GR구와 DBR구에서는 꾸준하게 다른 두 처리구에 비해 비교적 낮은 농도로 안정적인 발효환경을 보였다. 시험 2 : 비육후기 한우 거세우의 가공보리 첨가사료 급여에 따른 증체 및 육질 개선효과 1.시험 개시 후 280일이 지난 28개월령의 DRB구 거세한우의 평균 체중이 683kg로 가장 높았고, 분쇄 및 압편보리를 첨가한 GDRB구의 평균 체중이 653.3kg로 가장 낮았다. 2.옥수수구(Corn)와 분쇄보리(GB)를 섭취한 거세한우는 전 기간 비슷한 일당증체를 보였으며, GDRB구의 일당증체가 가장 낮았다. 그러나 DRB 사료를 섭취한 거세한우의 19~23개월령 평균 일당증체가 0.89kg이었고, 24~28개월령 사이에는 0.43kg로 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 증체 효과를 보였다. 3.보리의 가공 형태는 생체중, 냉도체중, 도체율, 등지방두께 및 육량지수 등에 영향하지 않았으나 등심단면적은 분쇄보리를 급여한 GB구에서 92.5cm2로서 현저히 증가되었는데(P< .015), 가장 작았던 GDRB구에 비해 16% 증가되었다 4.분쇄보리가 함유된 GB구의 근내지방도는 평균 5.5로서 가장 높았다. 육색은 RDB와 GDRB가 공히 4.6으로 다른 처리구에 비해 0.2정도 밝았으며, 지방색 역시 보리를 더 많이 섭취된 GDRB에서 현저히(P<.002) 밝은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 성숙도 면에서는 근내지방이 가장 높았던 GB에서 가장 좋았다(P<.018). 5.옥수수와 보리위주의 비육후기 사료를 섭취한 거세우 등심근육에서 수분과 조단백질 함량은 처리간 차이가 없었으나 지방 함량은 GDRB의 거세한우에서 18.55%로 타 처리구에 비해 높았다(P<.01). 6.등심근의 육색 중 적색도(a*)는 처리간 거의 비슷한 수준이었으나, 보리급여와 급여량이 많을수록 명도(L*)와 황색도(b*)가 증가하여 육색이 개선되는 경향이었는데, 등심의 육색소 함량은 oxy-myoglobin 함량이 보리 급여구에서 현저히(P<.015) 높았다. 전단력은 DGB 처리구가 가장 낮아 연도가 가장 좋았으나 보수력, 가열감량 등에서는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 7.지방산 조성의 경우 GDRB 처리구에서 linolenic acid(C18:3 n3)및 n6/n3 비율이 각각 현저(P<.049, P<.009)하게 높았으나 다른 지방산은 처리간 유의차가 없었다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

본 시험은 질산염함유 식물 추출물을 이용하여 in vitro 반추위 발효성상 및 반추위 메탄 발생에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 공시재료는 감자, 당근, 배추, 상추 및 시금치 추출물을 사용하였으며, 발효 기질은 2mm로 분쇄된 timothy 0.3g을 사용하였다. In vitro 실험은 조사료(timothy) 및 배합사료를 6:4의 비율로 급여한 반추위 cannnula가 시술된 한우 암소에서 채취하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall's buffer를 1:2의 비율로 혼합한 발효액을 0.3g timothy와 식물 추출물이 담긴 50mL serum bottle에 혐기상태로 20mL 분주한 뒤, 39℃에서 9, 12, 24, 48시간 동안 발효하였다. pH는 발효 시간이 증가함에 따라 점점 감소하며, 6.31~6.96으로 정상범위였다. 건물 소화율은 9시간 배추 추출물구에서 유의적으로 낮았고, 암모니아 농도는 감자, 배추, 상추 추출물구에서 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 반추위 미생물 성장량은 발효 24시간대의 당근 추출물구에서 높았다(p<0.05). Acetate와 propionate 농도는 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05) butyrate 농도는 첨가구간에 발효시간별로 각각 다른 양상을 보였다. 총 가스 발생량은 발효 12시간 및 24시간대에서 배추, 상추, 시금치 추출물구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 메탄 발생량은 감자, 배추, 시금치 추출물구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았고, 이산화탄소 발생량 또한 첨가구에 비해 대조구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았다. 결과적으로 본 시험에 사용된 5종의 질산염 함유 식물 추출물은 반추위 발효에 악영향을 미치지 않으면서 메탄저감 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 배추 추출물은 반추위내 메탄발생을 저감시킬 수 있는 식물추출물로서 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 주요 조사료(rice straw, timothy and alfalfa) 및 쑥과 녹차의 반추위 소화율과 물리적 구조를 비교하기 위해 in vitro 와 in situ 실험을 실시하였다. 각 사료별 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 및 72 시간 동안 배양하였고, in vitro 실험에서는 가스 발생량, 미생물 성장량, pH를 측정하였다. 가스발생량은 배양시간이 경과할 수록 모든 시간대에서 증가하였고(p<0.05), 녹차에서의 가스발생량이 가장 낮았다. 미생물 성장량은 배양시간이 경과할수록 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향이었으나, 유의차는 나타나지 않았고(p<0.05), 쑥과 녹차의 미생물 성장량이 다른 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 반추위내 pH는 배양시간 경과할 수록 감소하였고, 티모시의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 가장 낮았으며, 볏짚의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). In situ 실험에서 모든 시간대 녹차의 건물소화율(DM; Dry Matter) 및 조단백 소화율(CP; Crude Protein)은 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 반추위내 통과 속도 4% 쑥에서 건물소화율이 가장 높았고, 알팔파는 조단백 소화율이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 녹차와 쑥의 표면과 기공을 주사전자현미경(SEM; scanning electron microscope)으로 관찰한 결과, 쑥 표면에는 미생물이 존재하지 않아 반추위 내 영양소 소화율이 낮은 것으로 사료되고, 녹차는 기공에 미생물이 관찰 되었다. In vitro 및 in situ 실험의 결과를 통하여 반추동물의 사료원료로 잠재적인 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2004

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 볏짚을 퇴적발효 BL로 100% 대체하였을 때 면양(육우의 모델로 이용)의 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 면양의 섬유소 및 유기물 소화율은 비슷하였고(P>0.05), 가소화 섬유소(NDF, ADF) 및 유기물 섭취량 또한 비슷하였으며(P>0.05), 가소화 단백질 섭취량은 증가하였다(P<0.05). 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 반추위 pH의 감소(P<0.05)와 반추위 $NH^3-N$ 농도의 증가(P<0.05) 현상이 나타났고, VFA 생성율과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 유의적 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). BL의 볏짚 대체로 인한 사료 단백질 섭취량의 증가(P<0.05)는 분뇨로의 단백질 배설량, 단백질 체내 흡수량과 체내 축적량의 증가 현상을 초래하였다(P<0.05). 결과적으로 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 퇴적발효 BL 섬유소는 볏짚 섬유소에 필적하는 체내 이용성을 보여주었고, BL 단백질 또한 양호한 체내 이용성을 보여주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

The study evaluated replacement of Egyptian berseem clover (BC, Trifolium alexandrinum) with spent rice straw (SRS) of Pleurotus ostreatus basidiomycete in diets of lactating Baladi goats. Nine lactating homo-parity Baladi goats (average BW $23.8{\pm}0.4$ kg) at 7 d postpartum were used in a triplicate $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 30 d experimental periods. Goats were fed a basal diet containing 0 (Control), 0.25 (SRS25) and 0.45 (SRS45) (w/w, DM basis) of SRS. The Control diet was berseem clover and concentrate mixture (1:1 DM basis). The SRS45 had lowered total feed intake and forages intake compared to Control. The SRS25 and SRS45 rations had the highest digestibilities of DM (p = 0.0241) and hemicellulose (p = 0.0021) compared to Control which had higher (p<0.01) digestibilities of OM (p = 0.0002) and CP (p = 0.0005) than SRS25 and SRS45. Ruminal pH and microbial protein synthesis were higher (p<0.0001) for SRS25 and SRS45 than Control, which also had the highest (p<0.0001) concentration of TVFA, total proteins, non-protein N, and ammonia-N. All values of serum constituents were within normal ranges. The Control ration had higher serum globulin (p = 0.0148), creatinine (p = 0.0150), glucose (p = 0.0002) and cholesterol (p = 0.0016). Both Control and SRS25 groups had the highest (p<0.05) milk (p = 0.0330) and energy corrected milk (p = 0.0290) yields. Fat content was higher (p = 0.0373) with SRS45 and SRS25 groups compared with Control. Replacement of BC with SRS in goat rations increased milk levels of conjugated linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids compared with Control. It was concluded that replacing 50% of Egyptian berseem clover with SRS in goat rations improved their productive performance without marked effects on metabolic indicators health.