• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.510-521
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• 1998

The effects of two types of protein, soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM); and two types of energy supplements, corn flour (CF) and paper pulp (PP), on intake of guinea grass (Panicum maximum), fibre digestion and microbial activities in four Merino rams with an average weight of $54.4{\pm}4.5kg$ were studied. Each animal was fitted with a ruminal cannula and a duodenal cannula at the proximal position. The animals were fed twice daily with chopped guinea grass (5 cm) ad libitum and one of the four dietary supplements: 170 g FM+268 g PP; 170 g FM+268 g CF; 200 g SBM+200 g PP or 200 g SBM+200 g CF. All the supplements were mixed with 100 g molasses. In sacco and in vivo digestibilities, digesta flow rates, fermentation and microbial population were studied in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The effects of energy or protein sources were not significant on grass intake of sheep. The potential degradabilities of NDF and ADF were not significantly affected by any of the supplements. However, the energy and protein sources had significant efects on disappearance rate of NDF and ADF. The disappearance rate of both NDF and ADF were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in animals fed PP when compared to animals fed CF. Animals fed FM also showed significantly (p < 0.03) higher disappearance rate of ADF than those fed SBM. Animals fed PP showed better digestion in the rumen and total tract. Total flow of NDF and ADF through the duodenum was not significantly affected by the various supplements. The mean rumen pH values (5.8-6.1) were not significantly different among the four different diets. The concentration of rumen ammonia was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in animals fed SBM (235-266.4 mg N/L) supplement than in animals fed FM (174.9-179.7 mg N/L), while total VFA concentration was not significantly affected by both energy and protein supplements. Mean values of total VFA ranged from 72.5-82.3 mM. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were typical of a roughage type fermentation. Molar proportion of acetate was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in sheep fed PP when compared to sheep fed CF. Animals fed FM had higher total viable bacterial counts, while animals fed CF showed higher protozoal numbers. Proportions of cellulolytic bacteria were only slightly higher in animals fed SBM or PP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.561-566
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of cell mass from lysine production (CMLP) as a protein supplement for ruminants. In each experiment, animals were fed a diet containing 40% of forages and 60% of concentrates, mainly composed of rice straw and ground corn, respectively, to meet the maintenance requirements, and the diets were formulated to supply equal amounts of energy and nitrogen among treatments. In order to investigate the effect of CMLP on ruminal fermentation (Experiment 1), three Korean native goats weighing $26.1{\pm}1.4kg$ were allotted into individual cages with a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each animal was fed one of three protein sources (CMLP, soybean meal (SBM), and urea). Rumen pH, bacterial and fungal counts, volatile fatty acid concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Concentration of propionate, however, was higher in SBM treatment (14.1 mM) than in CMLP (8.7 mM) or urea (9.3 mM) treatments. There was significantly more branch-chain volatile fatty acid production in CMLP (1.9 mM) and SBM (1.8 mM) treatments than in urea (1.3 mM) treatment. The number of protozoa was the highest in urea treatment, followed by CMLP and SBM treatment with significant differences. A metabolic trial (Experiment 2) was conducted to measure in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats fed CMLP and SBM. Two heavy ($35.0{\pm}1.2kg$) and two light ($25.0{\pm}0.9kg$) Korean native goats, caged individually, were used in this experiment. A heavy and a light animal were paired and supplemented with either CMLP or SBM. The animals fed CMLP showed a trend of lower total tract digestibility in all the nutrients measured; however, there was no statistical significance except for digestibility of ether extract. Nitrogen digestibility of CMLP was estimated to be about 7% units lower than that of SBM. There was a tendency for lower nitrogen retention in CMLP treatment (35.9%) compared to SBM treatment (42.3%). In summary, CMLP can be a good protein source for ruminant animals from nutritional and economic perspectives and may replace some, if not all, of SBM in a diet without losing nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further research is warranted for investigating the effect of CMLP fed with easily fermentable forage and the effective level of CMLP for replacing SBM.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.831-838
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 병재배 방식에서 발생되는 톱밥주원료 버섯부산물의 저장성 향상을 목적으로 복합생균제를 버섯부산물(1톤 규모)에 접종하여 현장 혐기발효하였을 때 저장기간에 따른 물리화학적, 발효 및 미생물 성상에 미치는 변화를 추적하고자 하였다. 복합생균제(Enter- obacter ludwigii KU201-3, Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU3, Bacillus subtilis KU201-7, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum)를 버섯 부산물의 1% 수준(원물기준)에서 첨가하여 1일간 퇴적 저장 후 3일, 1주, 2주, 4주 그리고 8주간 혐기발효 시켰다. 버섯부산물은 혐기저장과정에서 CP, NDF, ADF 함량은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), DM과 NFC의 함량은 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 그 변화폭은 적은 편이었다. In situ 건물 및 NDF 반추위 소실율은 버섯부산물의 발효저장 기간이 길어짐에 따라 감소하였다. 발효성상에 있어서 발효 전과 비교해서 발효 후에는 pH가 감소하고, 유산 생성량은 2배 이상 증가하였다. 그러나, 4주경과 시와 비교해서 8주경과 시에는 pH가 다시 증가하였으나, 여전히 양호한 발효상태를 보여주었다. 유산균수는 발효 8주경과 시까지 유의적 차이가 없었고, 총세균수와 효모수는 4주째부터 감소하였다. 8주경과 시의 유산균과 효모수는 모두 108cfu/g 수준이었다. 이러한 결과는 혐기발효와 복합생균제 처리는 버섯부산물의 장기간(8주) 저장에 도움이 되었음을 시사해주고 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.116-120
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• 1985

Roll bale silage조제시(調製時) 밀봉지연(密封遲延)이 silage 품질(品質)과 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영양(影響)에 대한 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서의 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Roll bale silage의 내부온도(內部溫度)는 대조구(對照區)에서 $26{\sim}28^{\circ}C$였으나, 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)에서는 밀봉(密封)을 늦게 함에 따라 열(熱)이 발생(發生)하여 roll bale내(內)의 온도(溫度)가 $55^{\circ}C$까지 상승하였다. 2. 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)에서 유산함량(乳酸含量)은 현저하게 감소하였으며, $NH_3-N/T-N$함량(含量)은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 일반성분(一般成分)에서는 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)의 ADIN/T-N, 섬유질(纖維質) 및 lignin함량(含量)이 증가하였다. 3 . 단백질소화율(蛋白質消化率)에서는 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)가 대조구(對照區)보다 낮았으나, 섬유질소화율(纖維質消化率)에서는 대조구(對照區)보다 높았다. 4. 제(第)1위내(胃內) pH는 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)가 낮았으며, $NH_3-N$농도(濃度)에서는 별댜른 차이가 없었다. 총(總)VFA 농도(濃度)에서는 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)가 낮았으나 총(總)VFA 함량중(含量中) 초산(酢酸)비율은 밀봉지연구(密封遲延區)가 높았다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.617-626
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• 2003

본 연구는 사료 내 농후사료의 비율을 높임으로서 불포화 지방산의 반추위 내 by-pass율의 향상 가능성을 조사하고, 아마종실과 전지대두 급여 시 CLA 생산을 상호 비교하기 위하여 연속배양장치를 이용하여 수행하였다. 지방 급원에 따른 발효 성상의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 한편 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높은 (80%) 처리구는 농후사료 비율이 낮은 (40%) 처리구와 비교하여 pH는 감소하였으나, 암모니아, 총 휘발성 지방산, acetate, butyrate 및 valerate 농도가 증가되었다. 지방급원 (전지대두 vs 아마종실)과 사료 내 농후사료 비율은 organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 및 acid detergent fiber (ADF)의 소화율에 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 반면에 전지대두는 아마종실과 비교하여 trans C18:1, C18:2 n-6 및 C18:3 n-3 유출율은 증가시켰다. 지방 급원에 의한 CLA flow는 영향을 받지 않았으나 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높을 때와 전지대두와 아마종실의 함량이 높았을 때는 증가되었다. 수소 첨가현상은 C18:1 n-9 와 C18:2 n-6에서 지방 급원에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았으나, 아마종실 처리구에서는 C18:3 n-3 과 총 C18 불포화지방산의 수소 첨가현상이 전지대두 처리구와 비교하여 높은 비율로 발생했다. 한편 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높을 때 처리구에서 C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3 및 총 C18 불포화 지방산의 수소 첨가현상은 농후사료 저 처리구와 비교하여 감소되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2003

국내산 고간류의 영양학적 평가는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 압력센서를 이용하여 국내산 고간류의 가스발생량과 반추위발효산물과의 상관관계를 비교하고자 실시하였다. 가스발생량 측정장치는 압력센서, AD board, LED 모니터 및 real-time graphics가 설치된 컴퓨터로 구성되었다. 가스발생량과 건물소화율은 지수방정식 Pt = a + b ($1-e^{-ct}$)을 기초로 추정하였다.초기 가스발생량은 볏짚이 가장 높았으며 보리짚, 밀짚순이었다. 시간당 분해상수는 3.8, 2.5, 2.5%$h^{－1}$로서 볏짚, 보리짚, 밀짚순이었다. 전체 휘발성 지방산은 초기 12시간에 유의한 차이가 있었지만 배양 72시간 이후의 농도는 세 처리구에서 비슷한 결과를 나타냈다. 가스발생량과 건물소화율의 상관지수($r^2$)는 0.76-0.83으로 밀접한 관계가 있었으며 또한 휘발성지방산과 가스발생량의 상관지수는 0.91-0.98로 매우 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 따라서 가스발생량, 건물소화율 및 휘발성 지방산의 단일상관관계는 고간류의 in vivo 소화율에서도 유사할 것으로 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1124-1131
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• 2012

Four Thai - rumen fistulated male swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), about four years old with $400{\pm}20kg$ liveweight, were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive dietary treatments. The treatments were: ground corn cob (GCC) replacement for cassava chip (CC) in concentrate at 0% (T1); GCC replacement at 33% (T2); GCC replacement at 67% (T3); and GCC replacement at 100% (T4), respectively. During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% BW while 5% urea-treated rice straw was given at ad libitum. The result revealed that there was no effect of GCC replacement on DMI among treatments. In addition, digestibilities of DM, OM and CP were not different while aNDF linearly increased with an increasing level of GCC replacement. However, GCC replacement did not affect rumen fermentation such as ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N and VFA concentration; except C3 proportion which was the highest at 33% replacement while the lowest was at 100% replacement. All replacements of GCC resulted in similar protozoal and bacterial populations and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Purine derivatives (PD) concentration in urine and PD to creatinine (PDC) index were varied with time of urination and among treatments at 0 to 8 and 8 to 16 h post feeding and higher values were shown among the GCC replacement groups. However at 16 to 24 h-post feeding, it was untraceable. In addition, creatinine concentration was similar among all treatments at every sampling time. Based on the above results, GCC can be used as an energy source for swamp buffalo fed with rice straw. Spot sampling of urine can be used for purine derivatives determination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives were to assess the effects of purified lignin from wheat straw (sodium hydroxide dehydrated lignin; SHDL) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and on the growth performance of feedlot cattle. Methods: In vitro experiments were conducted by incubating a timothy-alfalfa (50:50) forage mixture (48 h) and barley grain (24 h) with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL of rumen fluid (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 g SHDL/kg diet). Productions of $CH_4$ and total gas, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or starch were measured. Sixty Hereford-Angus cross weaned steer calves were individually fed a typical barley silage-barley grain based total mixed ration and supplemented with SHDL at 0, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg DM for 70 (growing), 28 (transition), and 121 d (finishing) period. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and carcass traits were assessed. Results: With forage, SHDL linearly (p<0.001) reduced 48-h in vitro DMD from 54.9% to 39.2%, NDF disappearance from 34.1% to 18.6% and the acetate: propionate ratio from 2.56 to 2.41, but linearly (p<0.001) increased $CH_4$ production from 9.5 to 12.4 mL/100 mg DMD. With barley grain, SHDL linearly increased (p<0.001) 24-h DMD from74.6% to 84.5%, but linearly (p<0.001) reduced $CH_4$ production from 5.6 to 4.2 mL/100 mg DMD and $NH_3$ accumulation from 9.15 to $4.49{\mu}mol/mL$. Supplementation of SHDL did not affect growth, but tended (p = 0.10) to linearly reduce feed intake, and quadratically increased (p = 0.059) feed efficiency during the finishing period. Addition of SHDL also tended (p = 0.098) to linearly increase the saleable meat yield of the carcass from 52.5% to 55.7%. Conclusion: Purified lignin used as feed additive has potential to improve feed efficiency for finishing feedlot cattle and carcass quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the effects of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) supplementation as a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on rumen fermentation in dairy cows and on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) transition into milk, an in vitro rumen simulation batch culture and an in vivo dairy cow experiment were conducted. Methods: The characteristics of in vitro ruminal fermentation were investigated using rumen fluids from six cannulated Holstein dairy cows at 2 h post-afternoon feeding. A control treatment was included in the experiments based on a typified total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating dairy cows, which was identical to the one used in the in vivo study, plus R. sphaeroides at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% TMR dry matter. The in vivo study employed six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows randomly allotted to either the control TMR (C-TMR) treatment or to a diet supplemented with a 0.5% R. sphaeroides culture (S-TMR, dry matter basis) ad libitum. The presence of R. sphaeroides was verified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) applied to the bacterial samples obtained from the in vivo study. The concentration of CoQ10 in milk and in the supernatant from the in vitro study was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results of the in vitro batch culture and DGGE showed that the concentration of CoQ10 significantly increased after 2 h of R. sphaeroides supplementation above 0.1%. When supplemented to the diet of lactating cows at the level of 0.5%, R. sphaeroides did not present any adverse effect on dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the concentration of CoQ10 in milk dramatically increased, with treated cows producing 70.9% more CoQ10 than control cows. Conclusion: The CoQ10 concentration in milk increased via the use of a novel DFM, and R. sphaeroides might be used for producing value-added milk and dairy products in the future.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.437-450
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• 2013

거대억새 1호는 한국에서 새로이 개발된 품종이다. 본 연구의 목적은 거대억새 1호의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위해 in vitro 반추위 발효 시험 및 in situ 건물소화율을 조사하였다. in vitro 발효에 따른 pH는 전반적으로 거대억새 1호 시험구들이 RS에 비해 높은 수치를 보였다. 1y4m에서 다른 시험구에 비해 가장 높은 acetate 생성량을 나타내었다. propionate 및 전체 휘발성 지방산 생성량에서 시험구들간 유의성이 배양 9, 24 및 48시간에서 나타났다. in situ 건물소실율 시험 결과 RS(60.51%) > 1y4m(57.65%) > 2y4m(57.63%) > 2y8m(46.28%)순으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 이른 예취시기가 거대억새 1호의 영양적 가치를 향상시키는 것을 반영한다. 그러나 거대억새 1호가 반추가축을 위한 양질의 조사료로 이용되기 위해서는 실제 사양시험이 우선되어야 한다.