• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제22권12호
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2017

In this paper, we propose a zone based ad hoc network construction scheme which support ad hoc path between nodes in local IoT networks consisting of IoT devices with the constrained feature, such as low power, the limited transmission rate and low computing capacity. Recently, the various routing protocols have been studied to support ad hoc networking of local IoT environments. This is, because basis RPL protocol is deigned to be used for the connecting service with Internet through gateway, ad hoc path between nodes in local IoT networks is not supported in basis RPL protocol. Thus, in this paper, the proposed routing scheme provides both ad hoc path and Infra path through gateway, supporting basis RPL protocol simultaneously. Through simulation, we show that the proposed routing scheme with zone based path selection scheme improves the performance of the success rate of end-to-end data transmission and the end-to-end delay, compared to basis RPL protocol.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.280-291
• /
• 2019

Potential utility of 14 candidate housekeeping genes as normalization reference for RT-qPCR analysis with developmental samples (fertilized eggs to late veliger larvae) in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was evaluated using four different statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCT method). Different algorithms identified different genes as the best candidates, and geometric mean-based final ranking from the most to the least stable expression was as follow: RPL5, RPL4, RPS18, RPL8, RPL7, UBE2, RPL7A, GAPDH, RPL36, PPIB, EF1A, ACTB and B-TU. The findings were further validated via relative quantification of metallothionein (MT) transcripts using the stable and unstable reference genes, and expression levels of MT were greatly influenced according to the choice of reference genes. In overall, our data suggest that RPL5 and RPS18, either singly or in combination, are appropriate for normalizing gene expression in developmental samples of this abalone species, whereas ACTB, B-TU and EF1A are less stable and not recommended. In addition, our findings propose that standard deviations in geometric ranking as well as geometric mean itself should also be taken into account for the final selection of reference gene(s). This study could be a useful basis to facilitate the generation of accurate and reliable RT-qPCR data with developmental samples in this abalone species.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1090-1098
• /
• 2018

MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol that can be used for low power IoT devices. The MQTT basically uses single MQTT broker to indirectly share message information between publishers and subscribers. This approach has a weakness in regard to traffic overflow, connection fault, security, etc. In this paper, we propose a distributed MQTT broker architecture that solves the problems in single MQTT broker structure. The distributed MQTT broker architecture is expected to support new application services that cannot be supported by a conventional MQTT architecture. We have designed and implemented a distributed MQTT broker architecture based on the RPL protocol that has been widely used for IoT network. The experiment results show that the proposed MQTT broker architecture represents better publishing/subscribing latency and network stability than the conventional MQTT broker architecture.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.173-179
• /
• 2010

This study describes an efficient approach to the development of DNA markers for use in distinguishing the Scrophularia species that have been used as useful medicinal crops. In order to distinguish Scrophularia species, DNA sequences of rpl-5 region in mitochondrial DNA of Scrophularia species were analysed for detecting sequence variations, and the PCR-RFLP method was applied for developing practicable DNA marker patterns. Several DNA variations were detected by the sequence comparison of rpl-5 region among Scrophularia species. Genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species was carried out based on these DNA variations. DNA variations of rpl-5 region were revealed that it was significantly efficient in genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species. In addition, Scrophularia species tested in this study were completely discriminated by four polymorphic genotypes by PCR-RFLP combined with Tsp509 I (^AATT) restriction enzyme. Our results suggested that DNA sequence variations of rpl-5 region were sufficiently useful for genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species. Polymorphic genotypes by PCR-RFLP using the Tsp509 I enzyme will be useful for discrimination of Scrophularia species as a practicable DNA markers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권12호
• /
• pp.2021-2030
• /
• 2020

Objective: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been extensively used in the field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) research to elucidate their characteristics and clinical potential by normalization of target genes against reference genes (RGs), which are believed to be stably expressed irrespective of various experimental conditions. However, the expression of RGs is also variable depending on the experimental conditions, which may lead to false or contradictory conclusions upon normalization. Due to the current lack of information for a clear list of stable RGs in bovine MSCs, we conducted this study to identify suitable RGs in bovine MSCs. Methods: The cycle threshold values of ten traditionally used RGs (18S ribosomal RNA [18S], beta-2-microglobulin [B2M], H2A histone family, member Z [H2A], peptidylprolyl isomerase A [PPIA], ribosomal protein 4 [RPL4], succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A [SDHA], beta actin [ACTB], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], TATA box binding protein [TBP], and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrasnfrase1 [HPRT1]) in bovine bone marrow-derived MSCs (bBMMSCs) were validated for their stabilities using three types of RG evaluation algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, and Bestkeeper). The effect of validated RGs was then verified by normalization of lineage-specific genes (fatty acid binding protein 4 [FABP4] and osteonectin [ON]) expressions during differentiations of bBMMSCs or POU class 5 homeobox 1 (OCT4) expression between bBMMSCs and dermal skins. Results: Based on the results obtained for the three most stable RGs from geNorm (TBP, RPL4, and H2A), Normfinder (TBP, RPL4, and SDHA), and Bestkeeper (TBP, RPL4, and SDHA), it was comprehensively determined that TBP and RPL4 were the most stable RGs in bBMMSCs. However, traditional RGs were suggested to be the least stable (18S) or moderately stable (GAPDH and ACTB) in bBMMSCs. Normalization of FABP4 or ON against TBP, RPL4, and 18S presented significant differences during differentiation of bBMMSCs. However, although significantly low expression of OCT4 was detected in dermal skins compared to that in bBMMSCs when TBP and RPL4 were used in normalization, normalization against 18S exhibited no significance. Conclusion: This study proposes that TBP and RPL4 were suitable as stable RGs for qPCR study in bovine MSCs.

• 정보과학회 논문지
• /
• 제42권10호
• /
• pp.1268-1279
• /
• 2015

사물인터넷(IoT)에 연결된 다수의 장치를 관리하기 위해서 IETF는 IPv6를 지원하는 RPL 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안하였다. RPL은 사물인터넷이 구축되는 네트워크에서 요구되는 서비스에 맞는 OF(Objective Function)를 통해 경로가 생성된다. RPL에서는 단순하게 노드 간 링크 품질만을 고려하여 경로를 구축하므로, 다양한 목적의 QoS를 제공할 수 있는 OF에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 기존의 연구에서는 주로 에너지 소비 감소를 다루고 있고, 싱크 노드까지 형성된 경로의 링크 품질을 고려하지 않고 있어 종단 간 지연시간이 늘어 날 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 트래픽이 몰려 병목현상이 일어나는 노드의 예상 수명과 목적지까지 형성될 전체 경로의 품질을 고려하여 지연시간을 줄이는 기법을 제안한다. 실험을 통해 제안 기법의 가중치를 설정하였고, 종단 간 지연시간을 약 20.8%, 에너지 소비를 약 10.5% 개선하였음을 보였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.68-76
• /
• 2020

Objective: Since sperm abnormalities are known to be a major reason for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), any defects in DNA structure and chromatin condensation can place embryos at risk in the early stage of development and implantation. As antioxidants such as vitamin C may play a protective role against the destruction of protamine genes in sperm chromatin, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin C on chromatin and the expression of protamine genes in the male partners of couples with RPL. Methods: Twenty male partners of couples with RPL were selected as the intervention group and received vitamin C supplementation (250 mg daily for 3 months). Healthy fertile men (n = 20) were included as controls. Sperm chromatin, DNA integrity, and the expression levels of protamine genes were evaluated before and after treatment. Results: Significant differences were found in sperm morphology, protamine deficiency, and apoptosis between the two groups and before and after vitamin C administration. A significant change was found in mRNA levels of PRM1, PRM2, and the PRM1/PRM2 ratio after treatment. Conclusion: Daily oral administration of vitamin C may improve human sperm parameters and DNA integrity by increasing protamine gene expression levels in the male partners of couples with RPL. The beneficial effects of vitamin C supplementation as an antioxidant for the male partners of couples with RPL could lead to improved pregnancy outcomes in these cases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제55권6호
• /
• pp.509-513
• /
• 2013

We identified molecular markers associated with meat-quality traits in the porcine RPL27A (ribosomal protein L27a) gene. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered in the porcine RPL27A gene: g.920T>C, g.1013T>C, and g.1046T>C. The g.920 T>C SNP was significantly associated with pH24 (P < 0.05) and collagen (P < 0.05), while the g.1013T>C and g.1046T>C SNPs were significantly associated with moisture (P < 0.05). Either the TTT or CCC haplotype was significantly associated with moisture, pH24 and collagen (P < 0.05, respectively). The genotypes of RPL27A associated with meat-quality traits were all located in intron 2. The three SNPs of the RPL27A found in this study will provide useful information for genetic characterization or association studies of meat-quality traits in other populations. Additionally, these markers could potentially be applied in pig breeding programs to improve meat-quality traits after validation in other populations.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.196-201
• /
• 2018

최근 로컬 IoT 네트워크 구축과 관련하여 RPL 프로토콜을 활용하는 다양한 비-인프라 기반 IoT 네트워킹 기법들이 연구 중이다. 특히, RPL 프로토콜은 자율네트워킹과 로컬 네트워크에 존재하는 노드 간 애드혹 경로를 제공하지 못하는 문제를 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 비-인프라 기반 IoT 네트워크 구축을 지원하는 자율네트워킹 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 저전력 손실 네트워크로 구성된 네트워크 환경에 적용 가능한 자율네트워킹 기법이다. 실험을 통해서 제안한 자율네트워킹 기법의 우수한 성능을 보였다. 특히, 단대단 데이터 발생률과 단대단 지연 측면에서 제안하는 기법의 성능이 우수함을 증명하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.203-224
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution developed in supporting structures by distal extension removable partial denture with 4-types of direct retainer. The direct retainers examined were Akers clasp, RPI clasp, RPA clasp and RPL clasp in bilateral & unilateral free end case. 3-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis was used to record the isochromatic fringe patterns and to calculate the compressive stress at measuring points. The results were as follows. 1. In bilateral free end case, RPI clasp exhibited the similar stress distribution on distal and mesial alveolar crest but Akers clasp exhibited higher stress concentration on distal alveolar crest than mesial alveolar crest. 2. In bilateral free end case, RPA clasp and RPL clasp exhibited the similar stress distribution on distal and mesial alveolar crest and RPL clasp exhibited higher stress concentration on buccal alveolar crest than lingual alveolar crest. 3. Akers clasp produced high stress concentration on residual alveolar ridge distally, but RPI clasp, RPA clasp and RPL clasp produced even stress distribution on residual alveolar ridge. 4. Removable partial denture in unilateral free end case exerted higher stress on abutment tooth root apex than bilateral distal extension removable partial denture.