• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2002

Three fabrication techniques for forming thin barrier layer with uniform thickness and large barrier height in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) are discussed. First, the effect of immiscible element addition to Cu layer, a high conducting layer generally placed under the MTJ, is investigated in order to reduce the surface roughness of the bottom ferromagnetic layer, on which the barrier is formed. The Ag addition to the Cu layer successfully realizes the smooth surface of the ferromagnetic layer because of the suppression of the grain growth of Cu. Second, a new plasma source, characterized as low electron energy of 1 eV and high density of $10^{12}$ $cm^{-3}$, is introduced to the Al oxidation process in MTJ fabrication in order to reduce damages to the barrier layer by the ion-bombardment. The magnetotransport properties of the MTJs are investigated as a function of the annealing temperature. As a peculiar feature, the monotonous decrease of resistance area product (RA) is observed with increasing the annealing temperature. The decrease of the RA is due to the decrease of the effective barrier width. Third, the influence of the mixed inert gas species for plasma oxidization process of metallic Al layer on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) was investigated. By the use of Kr-O$_2$ plasma for Al oxidation process, a 58.8 % of MR ratio was obtained at room temperature after annealing the junction at $300{^{\circ}C}$, while the achieved TMR ratio of the MTJ fabricated with usual Ar-$0_2$ plasma remained 48.4%. A faster oxidization rate of the Al layer by using Kr-O$_2$ plasma is a possible cause to prevent the over oxidization of Al layer and to realize a large magnetoresistance.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2016

The effect of alloying element Ca (0, 1, and 2 wt%) on corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the as-received and anodized surface of rolled plate AM60 alloys was investigated. A plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was carried out to form anodic oxide film in $0.5mol\;dm^{-3}\;Na_3PO_4$ solution. The corrosion behavior was studied by polarization measurements while the in vitro bioactivity was tested by soaking the specimens in Simulated Body Fluid (1.5xSBF). Optical micrograph and elemental analysis of the substrate surfaces indicated that the number of intermetallic particles increased with Ca content in the alloys owing to the formation of a new phase $Al_2Ca$. The corrosion resistance of AM60 specimens improved only slightly by alloying with 2 wt% Ca which was attributed to the reticular distribution of $Al_2Ca$ phase existed in the alloy that might became barrier for corrosion propagation across grain boundaries. Corrosion resistance of the three alloys was significantly improved by coating the substrates with anodic oxide film formed by PEO. The film mainly composed of magnesium phosphate with thickness in the range $30-40{\mu}m$. The heat resistant phase of $Al_2Ca$ was believed to retard the plasma discharge during anodization and, hence, decreased the film thickness of Ca-containing alloys. The highest apatite forming ability in 1.5xSBF was observed for AM60-1Ca specimens (both substrate and anodized) that exhibited more degradation than the other two alloys as indicated by surface observation. The increase of surface roughness and the degree of supersaturation of 1.5xSBF due to dissolution of Mg ions from the substrate surface or the release of film compounds from the anodized surface are important factors to enhance deposition of Ca-P compound on the specimen surfaces.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.939-952
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• 1998

Rubber dampers are widely used to damp out vibrations generated in many mechanical elements because of the excellent damping characteristics of rubber. The damping characteristics of rubber is much dependent on temperature and frequency, which, in some cases, limit the effectiveness of rubber dampers. In this study, in order to increase the damping properties and axial and cross stiffnesses of rubber vibration dampers which are used in recording and regenerating devices, solid cores were inserted with interference tolerance in the rubber dampers. The damping characteristics of the rubber dampers with cores were investigated by experimentally and numerically using finite element method with respect to the interference tolerance, the core roughness, the materials of the core and the environmental temperature. From the experimental and theoretical investigations, it was found that the core in the rubber increased both the damping and stiffness of the damper. Also, it was found that the damping and stiffness of the rubber damper were much dependent on the temperature and frequency. Using the results of the experimental and theoretical investigations, the optimum design method for the cored rubber damper for recording and regenerating devices was developed.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2016

Total thickness variation (TTV), BOW, and surface roughness are essential characteristics for high quality sapphire substrates. Many researchers have attempted to increase removal rate by controlling the key process parameters like pressure and velocity owing to the high cost of consumables in sapphire chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In case of the pressure approach, increased pressure owing to higher deviation of pressure over the wafer leads to significant degradation of the TTV. In this study, the authors focused on reducing TTV under the high-pressure conditions. When the production equipment polishes multiple wafers attached on a carrier, higher loads seem to be concentrated around the leading edge of the head; this occurs because of frictional force generated by the combination of table rotation and the height of the gimbal of the polishing head. We believe the skewed pressure distribution during polishing to be the main reason of within-wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU). The insertion of a hub ring between the polishing head and substrate carrier helped reduce the pressure deviation. Adjusting the location of the hub ring enables tuning of the pressure distribution. The results indicated that the position of the hub ring strongly affected the removal profile, which confirmed that the position of the hub ring changes the pressure distribution. Furthermore, we analyzed the deformation of the head via finite element method (FEM) to verify the pressure non-uniformity over the contact area Based on experiment and FEM results, we determined the optimal position of hub ring for achieving uniform polishing of the substrate.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2009년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.437-441
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• 2009

현대사회는 하천에서부터 시작되었다고 할 정도로 우리 삶의 중심에 있는 자연의 중요한 일부라고 할 수 있다. 하천은 단순한 치수와 이수뿐만 아니라 다양한 자연 그대로의 환경적 잠재 기능을 복원하는 방향으로 전환되고 있다. 이러한 하천 복원의 필수적 요소는 식생이나 이것은 하천의 흐름저항을 크게 하여 홍수시 수위를 증가시키는 요인이 된다. 따라서 식생에 따른 조도계수의 변화와 흐름저항으로 인한 수리학적 특성을 이해하는 것은 하천복원에서 중요한 요소가 된다. 본 연구에서는 하천식생 복원모형에서의 홍수위 분석과 하상변동을 예측하고자 한다. 이를 위해 공주대교 상 하류 구간에 HEC-RAS와 RMA-2 모형을 적용하여 홍수위 분석을 실시함과 동시에 SED-2D 모형을 적용하여 하상변동을 예측하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

Slider bearing is a widely used load-carrying element in the industry. While a large number of studies have investigated the effect of overall surface curvature, very few have considered sinusoidal surface. Recently, consideration of surface roughness/waviness or intentional wave design has been identified as an important issue in the manufacture of hard disk driver, mechanical seal, hydraulic machine, and etc. This study investigated the load-carrying capacity of a finite-width slider bearing with a wavy surface. Film thickness ratios, length-width ratio, ambient pressure, amplitude, and partial distribution were selected as the simulation parameters. The calculation results showed that the load-carrying capacity rapidly varied at small film thickness ratio, but the waviness near the area of minimum film thickness made much more influence with an increase in film thickness ratio. As the length-width ratio of bearing was increased, ambient pressure became more influential at small film thickness ratios. Furthermore a particular partial distribution of the wavy area led to higher load-carrying capacity than did the whole distribution. Consequently, the results of this study are expected to be of use in surface micro-machining of finite-width slider bearings.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.234-248
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• 1998

거친 절리면의 수직팽창 특성이 전단거동에 미치는 영향을 고려할 수 있는 새로운 전단거동 구성법책을 탄소성이론에 근거하여 제시하였다. 공식화 과정에서는 항복함수 및 소성포텐셜 함수로 Barton의 경험적 강도식들이 이용되었다. 전단강도의 경화 및 연화현상을 반영시키기 이해 mobilized JRC 개념이 적용되었다. 최대전단강도 이전과 이후의 JRC 변화는 절리면 전단방향 소성일의 함수로 표현할 수 있다고 가정하였다. 제안된 구성모델을 개별체 절리 유한요소에 적용하여 실행시켰다. 경계조건을 달리한 수치 직접전단시험을 통하여 제안된 모델을 검증하였다. 해석결과는 여러 문헌에 보고된 실험결과들과 잘 일치하였다. 또한 제안된 모델은 거친 절리면의 전단시험에서 특징적으로 나타나는 현상들을 잘 모사할 수 있음을 보였다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate possibility of using indirect composite resin instead of porcelain through the measurement of shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin under treatment of $Rocatec^{TM}$ system for improving the adhesion of indirect composite resin. 20 cylindrical zirconia core specimens were divided into 2 groups, according to zirconia surface treatment and attached materials: 1) treated with sandblast and attached with indirect composite resin, 2) treated with sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and attached with indirect composite resin. The shear bond strength of each experimental group was measured by MTS and the changes of zirconia core surface according to surface treatments were obtained by SEM observation and measurements of surface roughness. The mean shear bond strength values are $0.55\;{\pm}\;0.11MPa$(Group SC) and $1.16\;{\pm}\;0.46MPa$(Group SRC). The mean Ra values for the surface treatments were follows: $0.39\;{\pm}\;0.13$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast) and $0.50\;{\pm}\;0.03$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system). In the analysis of EDS, Si element was detected in the Group SC. The shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin was improved significantly by using $Rocatec^{TM}$ system.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.355-360
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• 2012

마봉강(CD bar)은 표면조도, 치수 정밀도 그리고 진직도 등에서 우수한 특성을 가진다. 그러한 특성들로 인해 자동차 및 가전 제품의 부품으로 산업현장에서 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 산업계에서 다양하게 사용되는 마봉강 제품은 두롤 교정기를 통해 만들어지고 있으며 본 논문에서는 마봉강을 생산하는 핵심공정인 두롤 교정기 연구를 통해 롤 갭에 따른 영향을 살펴 보았다. 두롤 사이의 간격인 롤 갭의 변화는 봉강의 잔류응력과 소성변형에 많은 영향을 주는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 이를 확인하기 위해 2 롤 교정 전 공정인 인발공정에서 다이 통과 후 선경 변화와 봉강 내 잔류응력분포에 대해 유한요소 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 두롤 교정후 잔류응력과 선경의 변화를 확인하기 위해 실험을 수행하였으며, 여기서 X 선 회절기를 이용하여 축방향 및 원주방향에서의 표면 잔류응력을 실험적으로 측정하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.339-366
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• 2020

This study aims at modeling boundary layers (BLs) encountered in sparse and built environments (i.e. open, suburban and urban) at the subsonic Wind Tunnel (WT) at Ryerson University (RU). This WT has an insignificant turbulence intensity and requires a flow-conditioning system consisting of turbulence generating elements (i.e., spires, roughness blocks, barriers) to achieve proper turbulent characteristics. This system was developed and validated in the current study in three phases. In phase I, several Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations of the tunnel with generating elements were conducted to understand the effect of each element on the flow. This led to a preliminary design of the system, in which horizontal barriers (slats) are added to the spires to introduce turbulence at higher levels of the tunnel. This design was revisited in phase II, to specify slat dimensions leading to target BLs encountered by tall buildings. It was found that rougher BLs require deeper slats and, therefore, two-layer slats (one fixed and one movable) were implemented to provide the required range of slat depth to model most BLs. This system only involves slat movement to change the BL, which is very useful for automatic wind tunnel testing of tall buildings. The system was validated in phase III by conducting experimental wind tunnel testingof the system and comparing the resulting flow field with the target BL fields considering two length scales typically used for wind tunnel testing. A very good match was obtained for all wind field characteristics which confirms accuracy of the system.