• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.340-350
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• 2020

A rapid refresh wave forecasting system has been developed using the sea wind on the Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System. We carried out a numerical experiment for wind-wave interaction as an important parameter in determining the forecasting performance. The simulation results based on the seasons of with typhoon and without typhoon has been compared with the observation of the ocean data buoy to verify the forecasting performance. In case of without typhoon, there was an underestimate of overall forecasting tendency, and it confirmed that an increase in the wind-wave interaction parameter leads to a decrease in the underestimate tendency and root mean square error (RMSE). As a result of typhoon season by applying the experiment condition with minimum RMSE on without typhoon, the forecasting error has increased in comparison with the result without typhoon season. It means that the wave model has considered the influence of the wind forcing on a relatively weak period on without typhoon, therefore, it might be that the wave model has not sufficiently reflected the nonlinear effect and the wave energy dissipation due to the strong wind forcing.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

The Monte Carlo simulation requires very much time to obtain a result of acceptable accuracy. Therefore we should know the optimum number of history not to sacrifice time as well as the accuracy. In this study, we have investigated the effects of statistical uncertainties of the photon dose calculation. BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc systems were used for the Monte Carlo dose calculation and the case of mediastinum was simulated. The several dose calculation result from various number of histories had been obtained and analyzed using the criteria of isodose curve comparison, dose volume histogram comparison(DVH) and root mean-square differences(RMSD). Statistical uncertainties were observed most evidently in isodose curve comparison and RMSD while DVHs were less sensitive. The acceptable uncertainties $(\bar{{\Delta}D})$ of the Monte Carlo photon dose calculation for the radiation therapy were estimated within total 9% error or 1% error for over than $D_{max}/2$ voxels or voxels at maximum dose.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.549-562
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• 2017

The US railroad network carries 40% of the nation's total freight. Railroad bridges are the most critical part of the network infrastructure and, therefore, must be properly maintained for the operational safety. Railroad managers inspect bridges by measuring displacements under train crossing events to assess their structural condition and prioritize bridge management and safety decisions accordingly. The displacement of a railroad bridge under train crossings is one parameter of interest to railroad bridge owners, as it quantifies a bridge's ability to perform safely and addresses its serviceability. Railroad bridges with poor track conditions will have amplified displacements under heavy loads due to impacts between the wheels and rail joints. Under these circumstances, vehicle-track-bridge interactions could cause excessive bridge displacements, and hence, unsafe train crossings. If displacements during train crossings could be measured objectively, owners could repair or replace less safe bridges first. However, data on bridge displacements is difficult to collect in the field as a fixed point of reference is required for measurement. Accelerations can be used to estimate dynamic displacements, but to date, the pseudo-static displacements cannot be measured using reference-free sensors. This study proposes a method to estimate total transverse displacements of a railroad bridge under live train loads using acceleration and tilt data at the top of the exterior pile bent of a standard timber trestle, where train derailment due to excessive lateral movement is the main concern. Researchers used real bridge transverse displacement data under train traffic from varying bridge serviceability levels. This study explores the design of a new bridge deck-pier experimental model that simulates the vibrations of railroad bridges under traffic using a shake table for the input of train crossing data collected from the field into a laboratory model of a standard timber railroad pile bent. Reference-free sensors measured both the inclination angle and accelerations of the pile cap. Various readings are used to estimate the total displacements of the bridge using data filtering. The estimated displacements are then compared to the true responses of the model measured with displacement sensors. An average peak error of 10% and a root mean square error average of 5% resulted, concluding that this method can cost-effectively measure the total displacement of railroad bridges without a fixed reference.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.269-279
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• 2018

We are currently investigating the feasibility of a 1.6 m telescope with a laser-guide star adaptive optics (AO) system. The telescope, if successfully commissioned, would be the first dedicated adaptive optics observatory in South Korea. The 1.6 m telescope is an f/13.6 Cassegrain telescope with a focal length of 21.7 m. This paper first reviews atmospheric seeing conditions measured over a year in 2014~2015 at the Bohyun Observatory, South Korea, which corresponds to an area from 11.6 to 21.6 cm within 95% probability with regard to the Fried parameter of 880 nm at a telescope pupil plane. We then derive principal seeing conditions such as the Fried parameter and Greenwood frequency for eight astronomical spectral bands (V/R/I/J/H/K/L/M centered at 0.55, 0.64, 0.79, 1.22, 1.65, 2.20, 3.55, and $4.77{\mu}m$). Then we propose an AO system with a laser guide star for the 1.6 m telescope based on the seeing conditions. The proposed AO system consists of a fast tip/tilt secondary mirror, a $17{\times}17$ deformable mirror, a $16{\times}16$ Shack-Hartmann sensor, and a sodium laser guide star (589.2 nm). The high order AO system is close-looped with 2 KHz sampling frequency while the tip/tilt mirror is independently close-looped with 63 Hz sampling frequency. The AO system has three operational concepts: 1) bright target observation with its own wavefront sensing, 2) less bright star observation with wavefront sensing from another bright natural guide star (NGS), and 3) faint target observation with tip/tilt sensing from a bright natural guide star and wavefront sensing from a laser guide star. We name these three concepts 'None', 'NGS only', and 'LGS + NGS', respectively. Following a thorough investigation into the error sources of the AO system, we predict the root mean square (RMS) wavefront error of the system and its corresponding Strehl ratio over nine analysis cases over the worst ($2{\sigma}$) seeing conditions. From the analysis, we expect Strehl ratio >0.3 in most seeing conditions with guide stars.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.331-337
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• 2013

A large optical surface is fabricated by grinding, polishing and figuring. The grinding process is the most rapid and has the largest amount of fabrication of all processes. If we measure the surface precisely and rapidly in the grinding process, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the fabrication process. Since the surface of grinding process is rough and not shiny, it is not easy to measure the surface using light so that we cannot use an interferometer. Therefore, we have to measure the surface using a mechanical method. We can measure the surface under the grinding process by using a laser tracker which is a portable 3-dimensional coordinate measuring machine. In this paper, we used the laser tracker to measure the surface error of 1 m diameter spherical mirror. This measurement result was compared to that of an interferometer. As a result, surface measurement error was found to be $0.2{\mu}m$ rms (root mean square) and $2.7{\mu}m$ PV (Peak to Valley), which is accurate enough to apply to the rough surface under the grinding stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.295-303
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• 2018

The stereo camera system has a fixed baseline and therefore has a constant scale. However, it is difficult to measure the actual three-dimensional coordinate since the scale is not fixed when relative orientation parameters are determined through the key-point matching in the stereo image each time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform the stereo camera calibration that simultaneously determines the internal characteristics of the left and right cameras and the camera relationship between them using the modified collinearity equation and compared it with the two independent single cameras calibration. In the experiment using the images taken at close range, the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of ${\pm}0.014m$ was occurred when the three dimensional distances were compared in the single calibration results. On the other hand, the accuracy of the three-dimensional distance of the stereo camera calibration was better because the stereo camera results were almost no error compared to the results from two single cameras. In the comparison of the epipolar images, the RMSE of the stereo camera was 0.3 pixel more than that of the two single cameras, but the effect was not significant.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2021

Due to climate change the sustainable water resources management of agricultural reservoirs, the largest number of reservoirs in Korea, has become important. However, the DIROM, rainfall-runoff model for calculating agricultural reservoir inflow, has used regression equation developed in the 1980s. This study has optimized the parameters of the DIROM using the genetic algorithm (GA) based on historical inflow data for some agricultural reservoirs that recently begun to observe inflow data. The result showed that the error between the historical inflow and simulated inflow using the optimal parameters was decreased by about 80% compared with the annual inflow with the existing parameters. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error with the historical inflow increased to 0.64 and decreased to 28.2 × 103 ㎥, respectively. As a result, if the DIROM uses the optimal parameters based on the historical inflow of agricultural reservoirs, it will be possible to calculate the long-term reservoir inflow with high accuracy. This study will contribute to future research using the historical inflow of agricultural reservoirs and improvement of the rainfall-runoff model parameters. Furthermore, the reliable long-term inflow data will support for sustainable reservoir management and agricultural water supply.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2021

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is one of the useful parameters to diagnose the growth and development of crop and to detect crop stress. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based LST (LSTUAV) can be estimated in the regional spatial scale due to miniaturization of thermal infrared camera and development of UAV. Given that meteorological variable, type of instrument, and surface condition can affect the LSTUAV, the evaluation for accuracy of LSTUAV is required. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of LSTUAV using LST measured at ground (LSTGround) under various meteorological conditions and growth phases of garlic crop. To evaluate the accuracy of LSTUAV, Relative humidity (RH), absolute humidity (AH), gust, and vegetation index were considered. Root mean square error (RMSE) after minimizing the bias between LSTUAV and LSTGround was 2.565℃ under above 60% of RH, and it was higher than that of 1.82℃ under the below 60% of RH. Therefore, LSTUAV measurement should be conducted under the below 60% of RH. The error depending on the gust and surface conditions was not statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). LSTUAV had reliable accuracy under the wind speed conditions that allow flight and reflected the crop condition. These results help to comprehend the accuracy of LSTUAV and to utilize it in the agriculture field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.9-24
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• 2022

Currently, a vast amount of hydrologic data is accumulated in real-time through automatic water level measuring instruments in agricultural reservoirs. At the same time, false and missing data points are also increasing. The applicability and reliability of quality control of hydrological data must be secured for efficient agricultural water management through calculation of water supply and disaster management. Considering the characteristics of irregularities in hydrological data caused by irrigation water usage and rainfall pattern, the Korea Rural Community Corporation is currently applying the Hampel filter as a water level data quality management method. This method uses window size as a key parameter, and if window size is large, distortion of data may occur and if window size is small, many outliers are not removed which reduces the reliability of the corrected data. Thus, selection of the optimal window size for individual reservoir is required. To ensure reliability, we compared and analyzed the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of the corrected data and the daily water level of the RIMS (Rural Infrastructure Management System) data, and the automatic outlier detection standards used by the Ministry of Environment. To select the optimal window size, we used the classification performance evaluation index of the error matrix and the rainfall data of the irrigation period, showing the optimal values at 3 h. The efficient reservoir automatic calibration technique can reduce manpower and time required for manual calibration, and is expected to improve the reliability of water level data and the value of water resources.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2B
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• pp.219-231
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• 2010

The Reference Evapotranspiration Calculator Software (REF-ET) supports computational guidelines for the reference evapotranspiration using seventeen FAO Penman-Monteith (PM) equations simultaneously such as the ASCE and FAO standardized forms. The REF-ET can conveniently consider missing data predictions and regional site characterizations, when reference ET is computed on monthly, daily, and hourly time steps. The applicability of the REF-ET was estimated to simulate the reference ET using hourly weather data from Seoul weather station for 29 years. The result found that the FAO24-Rd and 1957-Makk equations closely concerned with solar radiation parameter which were the most highly correlated to reference ET computed by pan coefficient. In addition, the 1957-Makk equation was identified as the most correct computational method for reference ET by analysis of bias and root mean square error. The 1957-Makk equation could predict the reference ET within the error of less than 1.06 mm/day, though all the other equations tended toward overestimation of predicting the reference ET in comparison with refecence ET of pan. The results of this study suggest that the REF-ET will be applicable to support reference ET estimation for a variety of field condition and time-scale.