• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 1993

Assessment of root weight grade system for the numeral definition in Korea ginseng was tried by investigation of 13 boxes of the 15-root-grade of 4-year-old white ginseng as a model. In this case satisfaction to theoretical value was 58% in root weight and 50% in root number. The coefficient of variation (CV) was high (35%) for individual root weight in package. The CV of tap root weight 1 among package is low (7.1%) even though there was no significant correlation between tap root weight : and lateral root weight among roots. The mean percentage of tap root to root weight in each package ranged 61 to 74% with CV range of 16.5 to 33.2%. The CV was not much different between 1st and 2nd lateral root weight and the means was above 60%. Strict practice of numeral definition of root weight grade system will be prerequisite for chemical standardization of Korea ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.478-482
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the difference of general feature and ginsenoside content of 6 years old ginseng root among different grade of roots. Total weight of a 1st grade-6 years old ginseng root was 115.1g and weight, length, diameter and specific gravity of main root were 64.68g, 8.39cm, 3.31cm and 0.96, respectively. Main root of 1st grade ginseng root was larger in size and specific gravity and more heavy than that of End or 3rd grade of the roots. Though crude saponin contents were not so different among the different grade of roots, but ginsenoside Rb1, Rg1 and Re content were higher in 1st grade of root than that of 2nd or 3rd grade of root. Those ginsenosides were located mainly in periderm and cortex.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to evaluate the automatic decision-making on the grading of 6-year-old fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by an image analyzer. The best input method for the 6-year-old fresh ginseng was under condition of a low resolution (128u 128 pixel) and illumination direction from bottom to up (light box). It was possible to identify the main root, lateral root, and rhizome of fresh ginseng by application of OPEN process in a function of an image analyzer. Finally, we developed the grade decision-making programs, GinP-1. The fitness rates for the fresh ginseng standards which were classified by experts were 94.6, 80.6, 81.5, and 100.0% for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade of fresh ginseng, respectively, and the total time of decision-making was about 4.3 seconds per one root. The decision-making time was reduced to 0.8 seconds per one root by enhancemeat of the Image analyzer, which was tested by the technical company of the image analyzer,'Carl Zeiss (Germany). As a result of this study, the automatic decision-making on the grade of fresh gin send by image analyzer seems to have high possibility.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2006

Comparison of the grade of raw ginseng and that of red ginseng was investigated. The materials used in this study were Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium L.) Coefficient of body term, length of main stem and weight of raw ginseng were used as the classifying criteria of the root size and grades. Korean ginseng distinguished the distribution of weight size from that of American ginseng. Korean ginseng distributed largely in middle and large root size, and American ginseng distributed largely in middle and small root size. American ginseng had shorter length of main root, bigger diameter of main root and more number of adventitious roots than Korean ginseng. The quality of Korean ginseng was better than that of American ginseng. In Korean ginseng, high quality of red ginseng above second grade (Jisam) was obtained, but low quality of red ginseng under third grade (Yangsam) in American ginseng. In Korean raw ginseng, the coefficients of body form of middle weight and large weight size were under 0.5, but those of American ginseng was over 0.5. So American ginseng were not adequate to produce good red ginseng. Those factors as length of main root and weight of main root were not significantly influenced on the qualify of red ginseng in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Coefficient of body form was leading factor affecting the quality of red ginseng. To improve the quality of red ginseng, coefficient of body form, weight of main root and length of main root were controlled adequately in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.224-227
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• 1993

Weight (g/root) and bulk density (g/$cm^3$) of tap root in 15-root-grade of 4-year-old white ginseng were investigated by specific gravity and weight-volume method. Bulk density measured by specific gravity ranged from 0.8 to 1.2g/$cm^3$ with almost normal distribution in frequency (number 1 of roots). Bulk density measured by volume-weight method had significant correlation with root weight. The percentage of high bulk density root (above 1.0) showed significant positive correlation with mean root weight or mean bulk density of root weight, indicating that the growth conditions for large root provide the better compactnes of root tissue.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.266-275
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of anatomical predisposing factors on the development of furcation involvement. Root trunk length, root divergency angle, buccal root trunk concavity and cervical enamel projection of the mandibular 1st and 2nd molars with(l03 teeth) and without(42 teeth) furcation involvement and enamel projection were classified by Lindhe's degree and Masters's classification, respectively, and buccal root trunk concavity was examined by probing. Statistical analysis was performed by means of ANOVA and CHI-SQUARE test in Microstat. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Root trunk length was longer in teeth without furcation involvement($4.20{\pm}1.05mm$) than teeth with furcation involvement(I : $3.62{\pm}0.68mm$, II : $3.64{\pm}0.86mm$, III: $3.61{\pm}0.74mm$)(p<0.05), but there was fno significant difference among furcation involvement group according to the degree of furcation involvement(p0>.05). 2. The root divergency angle was wider in teeth with furcation involvement(I : $53.14^0{\pm}15.11^0$, II : $44.82^0{\pm}14.26^0$, III : $52.69^0{\pm}16.09^0$) than teeth without furcation involvement($34.81^0{\pm}16.57^0$(p<0.05). 3. The group of teeth without furcation involvement showed significantly hign percentage of teeth without buccal root concavity, and the group of teeth with furcation involvement showed significantly hign percentage of teeth with buccal root concavity(p<0.05) 4. The group of teeth without furcation involvement showed higher percentage of teeth with grade I cervical enamel projection, teeth with furcation involvement I or II defect showed higher percentage of teeth with grade II enamel projection, and teeth with furcation involvement III defect showed higher percentage of teeth with grade III enamel projection(p<0.05) The results suggest that short root trunk length, wide root divergency, buccal root concavity and well-developed enamel projection could affect development and progression of furcation involvement as anatomical predisposing factors of periodontal diseases.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.24.1-24.16
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• 2023

This review aimed to answer the following question "Does photobiomodulation treatment of the root surface decrease the occurrence of root resorption in reimplanted teeth?" Electronic searches were performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Grey Literature Report databases. Risk of bias was evaluated using SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) tool was used to assess the certainty of evidence. In total, 6 studies were included. Five studies reported a reduced occurrence of root resorption in teeth that received photobiomodulation treatment of the root surface prior to replantation. Only 1 study reported contradictory results. The photobiomodulation parameters varied widely among studies. GRADE assessment showed a low certainty of evidence. It can be inferred that photobiomodulation treatment of the root surface prior to replantation of teeth can reduce the occurrence of root resorption. Nonetheless, further clinical studies are needed.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2012

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the clinical results of pull-out suture for root tear of posterior horn of medial meniscus. Materials and Methods: Between March 2006 and February 2011, We studied 40 cases with the root tear of posterior horn of medial meniscus which follow up more than 1 years. Mean age was 49.5 years old. We excluded osteoarthritis or varus deformity patients more than 5 degrees. pull-out suture was performed to the patients with grade 0-2 of Kellgren and Lawrence classification. According to Outerbridge classification, evaluation of cartilage damage was performed during arthroscopy. Evaluation of clinical result was used the Lysholm score. Results: The mean pre-operation Lysholm score was 63.9 and post-operation score was 86.3. The complete failure rate was 3 of 40 cases (7.5%). Twenty of 40 cases (50%) showed cartilage lesions in weight bearing portion of medial femoral condyle which were 12 cases in grade 1, 5 cases in grade 2 and 3 cases in grade 3 according to the Outerbridge classification. Conclusion: In the treatment of pull-out suture for root tear of posterior horn of medial meniscus, exclusion of more than moderate arthritis or varus deformity is very importment. Pull-out suture seems to be a useful treatment of the root tear of posterior horn of medial meniscus in mild osteoarthritis or varus deformity of middle ages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2018

Background: The quality differences in seedlings of medicinal herbs often affect the quality of medicinal parts. The establishment of the grading standard of Panax notoginseng seedlings is significant for the stable quality of medicinal parts of P. notoginseng. Methods: To establish the grading standard of P. notoginseng seedlings, a total of 36,000 P. notoginseng seedlings were collected from 30 producing areas, of which the fresh weight, root length, root diameter, bud length, bud diameter, and rootlet number were measured. The K-means clustering method was applied to grade seedlings and establish the grading standard. Results: The fresh weight and rootlet number of P. notoginseng seedlings were determined as the final indices of grading. P. notoginseng seedlings from different regions of Yunnan could be preliminarily classified into four grades: the special grade, the premium grade, the standard grade, and culled seedlings. Conclusion: The grading standard was proven to be reasonable according to the agronomic characters, emergence rate, and photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings after transplantation, and the yields and contents of active constituents of the medicinal parts from different grades of seedlings.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.93-110
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• 2018

One of the biggest changes in the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum is shifting to the second year of middle school in Pythagorean theorem. In this study, the following subjects were studied. First, Pythagoras theorem analyzed the expected problems caused by the shift to the second year middle school. Secondly, we have researched the reconstruction method to solve these problems. The results of this study are as follows. First, there are many different ways to deal with Pythagorean theorem in many countries around the world. In most countries, it was dealt with in 7th grade, but Japan was dealing with 9th grade, and the United States was dealing with 7th, 8th and 9th grade. Second, we derived meaningful implications for the curriculum of Korea from various cases of various countries. The first implication is that the Pythagorean theorem is a content element that can be learned anywhere in the 7th, 8th, and 9th grade. Second, there is one prerequisite before learning Pythagorean theorem, which is learning about the square root. Third, the square roots must be learned before learning Pythagorean theorem. Optimal positions are to be placed in the eighth grade 'rational and cyclic minority' unit. Third, Pythagorean theorem itself is important, but its use is more important. The achievement criteria for the use of Pythagorean theorem should not be erased. In the 9th grade 'Numbers and Calculations' unit, after learning arithmetic calculations including square roots, we propose to reconstruct the square root and the utilization subfields of Pythagorean theorem.