• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.203-215
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• 2017

This study was carried out to compare the major nutrient components and antioxidant activities of Stachys sieboldii Miq leaf and root powders. For proximate compositions, crude protein and crude fat contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, whereas contents of crude ash and carbohydrates were lower in leaf powder. The content of glutamic acid was greater in amino acids of leaf and root powders, and contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids were higher in leaf powder compared with root powder. Root powder contained a higher level of total unsaturated fatty acids than leaf powder. Total contents of organic acids were higher in leaf powder; tartaric acid was the major organic acid in leaf powder, and malic acid was the major organic acid in root powder. The content of vitamin A was higher in leaf powder than in root powder. However, vitamin E content was higher in root powder than in leaf powder. Total mineral contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, and mineral contents of leaf and root powders were in the order of K>Ca>Mg. Extract yields of leaf and root powders were 27.21% and 58.51%, respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids of leaf extract were 236.35 mg/g and 1.90 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those of root extract. The $IC_{50}$ values of leaf and root ethanol extracts based on DPPH hydroxyl scavenging were 0.69 mg/mL and 5934.31 mg/mL, respectively, and antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from all Stachys sieboldii Miq parts dose-dependently increased. These results suggest that Stachys sieboldii Miq can be recommended as an edible functional food material.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2002

The present study investigated free sugar, organic acid, volatile components in fresh leaf and root of the coriander respectively, and in blanched leaf and root of the coriander, respectively. The research results are as follows : Glucose, fructose and sucrose were detected in leaf and root of the coriander. The content of total free sugar was 22.91mg% in leaf and 23.84mg% in root. By blanching, the contents of total free sugar decreased to 21.28mg% and 21.89mg% in leaf and root respectively. Malic acid, trataric acid were detected in leaf and root of the coriander. The content of total organic acid in leaf was higher than that in root of the coriander. By blanching, the content of total organic acid significantly decreased in leaf and slightly decreased in root. A total of 98 flavor components were detected in the leaf of coriander and total contents of those were 878.485mg/kg. The major components were (E)-2-Decen-1-ol, (E)-2-Decenal, and (E)-2-Tetradecenal. And a large amount of aldehydes and alcohols were shown in the leaf of coriander. By blanching, a total of 75 flavor components were detected in the leaf of coriander and total contents of those were 846.49mg/kg. The major components were (E)-2-decenal, (E)-2-Tetradecenal, decanal. The amounts of aldehydes were increased more. However, the amounts of alcohols were decreased more than those of the fresh leaf, respectively. A total of 77 flavor components were detected in the root of coriander and total contents of those were 455.064mg/kg. The major components were (E)-2-Tetradecenal, (E)-2-Decenal, and (E)-2-Dodecenal. By blanching, the kinds and the contents of the flavor components decreased and the major components is the same of the fresh root. And the contents of aldehydes and alcohols, acids decreased. However, the contents of esters and ketons increased.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.389-392
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate the ginsenoside profiles of the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng in order to demonstrate their possible application in medicine. The total ginsenoside content of the leaf was up to 12 times than that in the main root, and the content of protopanaxadiol groups was higher than that of protopanaxatriol groups in all the samples. The leaf was shown to contain high amounts of ginsenosides Rb3 and Rh1, whereas the main root contained large amounts of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Moreover, Rb2, Rb3, and Rg1 were only detected in the root hair, leaf, and main root, respectively. The ginsenoside Re content of Panax ginseng leaf and root hair was 2.6~4 times higher than that of the main root. Therefore, the results indicate that the ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng is higher in the leaf and root hair, and lower in the main root.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2018

The current study was carried out to determine the effects of the leaf and root of Houttuynia cordata Thunb on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Total polyphenol contents of leaf and root ethanol extracts were found to be 59.32 and 12.07 mg/g, respectively. Also, total flavonoid contents of leaf and root ethanol extracts were found to be 10.85 and 8.55 mg/g, respectively. The $RC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging of leaf and root ethanol extracts were 23.51 and $154.72{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The $RC_{50}$ values of ABTS radical scavenging of leaf and root ethanol extracts were 35.42 and $233.89{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The antioxidant activities in leaf ethanol extracts were higher in root. Also, to confirm anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract, we treat leaf and root of Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on BV-2 cell with LPS. The NO inhibition effects in of Houttuynia cordata Thunb leaf ethanol extracts showed higher values compared with the root ethanol extracts. These results indicate that Houttuynia cordata Thunb ethanol extracts may play a positive role in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.80-90
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate to proximate compositions, free sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and volatiles from the fresh leaf, root and seed of coriander. The research results are as follows: Moisture was 79.93% in the leaf, 81.89% in the root. Crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash were the highest in the seed. Ascorbic acid was 65.4mg% in the leaf and 37.83mg% in the root. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were the major free sugars. Glucose was 7.92mg% and fructose 7.51mg% in the leaf. Sucrose was 17.34mg% in the root, highest level. Among organic acids, malic acid was 354.55mg% in the leaf, the highest level. The content rate of organic acids was high in the order of leaf, seed and root. The content rate of total amino acid was high in the order of seed, root and leaf. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were high in the leaf and root. Glutamic acid and proline were high in the seed. The content rate of free amino acid is the same as that of total amino acid. Glutamic acid and serine were high in the leaf and seed. Glutamic acid and treonine were high in the root. The contents of total amino acid in each parts of the coriander was higher than that of free amino acid, The composition of amino acid in the total amino acid and free amino acid was different. The volatile constituents were extracted by steam distillation method and analyzed by GC-Mass. The content of the volatile constituents was 45.31mg% in the leaf, (E)-2-decenal was the highest, followed by decanal, 2-dodecenal, (E)-2-decen-1-ol in order, aldehyde and alcohol was major constituents. The content of the volatile constituents was 36.01mg% in the root and 54.37mg% in the seed. linalool was the highest in the root and seed. it was 22.27 %, 53.67% in root and seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 1986

Photosynthesis and respiration of leaf and root of field grown Panax ginseng were investigated according to aerial part sensecence. No apparent photosynthesis activity was detected in senescenced leaf(less than 0.7mg total chlorophyll/g FW) and leaf dark respiration was consistent relation with senescence. Leaf respiratory Q$_{10}$ consistently increased with senscence. Root respiration and Q$_{10}$ tended to decrease with aerial part senescence only in the range of optimum temperature of leaf growth. Apparent photosynthesis or respiration of leaf was negatively or positively correlated, respectively with the increase of air temperature. Root respiration with temperature was well accordance with Arrhenius plot which was not consistent with aerial part senescence. Accelerated senescence may be recommendable for better root yield unless any reserve in stem or leaves contributes to root through translocation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-147
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• 1983

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for the development of new ginseng varieties. The two variants (violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) of one to four-year were used for this study. All of the characteristics, such as leaf length, leaf width, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, number of leaflets per plants, stem diameter, stem length, number of stems per plant, root length, primary root length, root diameter, root weight were determined and correlations among them were estimated. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Leaf length, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, and number of leaflets per plant of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were larger than those of Panax quinquefolium at all of the plant ages, while leaf width was wider in Panax quinquefolium. 2. The length of stem of Panax quinquefolium was shorter than that of Panax ginseng, and the frequency of multi-stem plants at 4-year-old ginseng was larger in violet-stem variant than in Panax quinquefolium and yellow-berry variant. 3. In the characteristics of ginseng root, the primary root length of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were less than that of Panax quinquefolium, while root weight, root diameter, and umber of secondary root related to yield were larger in Panax ginseng. 4. The root weight per plant related to the yield had positive and highly significant correlations with stem diameter, leaf length, leaf length, leaf width, number of compound leaves and leaflets in Panax ginseng and Panax quinguefolium. 5. The root weight related to the wield of ginseng had been influenced to stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width directly, and number of compound leaves and leaflets indirectly. 6. The number, total area and activity of stomate per mm2 of Panax quinquefolium were more, larger and stronger than those of Panax ginseng.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2016

This study investigated the phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin constituents in the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng. The total individual phenolic and flavonoid contents were the highest in the leaf, followed by the main root and root hair. Ferulic acid and m-coumaric acid were found to be the major phenolics in the main root and root hair, while p-coumaric acid and m-coumaric acid were the major phenolics in the leaf. Catechin was the major flavonoid component in the main root and root hair, while catechin and kaempferol were the major flavonoid components in the leaf. Pantothenic acid was detected in the highest quantity in the non-leaf parts of ginseng, followed by thiamine and cobalamin. Linolenic acid and menadione were the major components in all parts of ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

Root and shoot development of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different genetic backgrounds was studied with reference to their relative growth. Tongil type (indica-japonica hybrid) cultivar 'Kuemkangbyeo' and japonica cultivar 'Koshihikari' were grown in $5000^{-1}$ a Wagnar pots under flooded condition. Three plants with roots of both cultivars were taken in every phyllochron through the heading stage to record morphological characteristics of shoot and root system. Compared to Koshihikari, Kuemkangbyeo produced more tillers and had greater shoot weight and leaf area per hill. Length and weight of the root system in both cultivars increased exponentially with time. At the same time, root system development was significantly faster in Kuemkangbyeo than in Koshihikari after the panicle initiation stage. As a result, Kuemkangbyeo has a vigorous root system which consists of larger number of nodal roots compared to Koshihikari. Also, the root length and weight per unit leaf area of Kuemkangbyeo were larger than those of Koshihikari in the later half of growing period, which suggests possible higher physiological activity of the root system of Kuemkangbyeo which is known as a high-yielding cultivar. The relationship between root traits (crown root number, total root length, and root dry weight) and shoot traits (leaf area and leaf+culm dry weight) in both cultivars closely showed allometry until the flag leaf stage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1988

Correlations between various morphological characteristics of Panax quinquefolium plants grown in Lytton, British Columbia, Canada were assessed for 1-through 4-year old plants. Root dry weight, the dependent variable, was found to be strongly related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and root length for 1-and 2-year old plants during the middle of the growing season. For 1- and 2-year old plants at the end of the growing season, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3 and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3- and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight. For practical considerations, this latter relationship provides a simple method for selecting superior plants from which seed can be harvested.