• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.31-50
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• 2016

To develope a greenhouse fog cooling system to control the temperature and relative humidity simultaneously to the target value, a theoretical analysis and experiments were done. The control process includes the measuring of environmental variables, setting and coding of the water and heat balance equations to maintain the target temperature and relative humidity in greenhouse, calculating of the open level of the greenhouse roof window that governs the natural ventilation and spray water quantity, and operating of the motor to open/close the roof window and pump to spray for water. The study results were shown to be very good because the average air temperature in the greenhouse was kept to be about $28.2^{\circ}C$ with the standard deviation of about $0.37^{\circ}C$ compared to the target temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ and the average relative humidity was about 75.2% compared to the target relative humidity was 75% during the experiments. The average outside relative humidity was about 41.0% and the average outside temperature was $27.2^{\circ}C$ with the standard deviation of about $0.54^{\circ}C$. The average solar intensity in the greenhouse was 712.9 W. The wind velocity of outside greenhouse was 0.558 m/s with the standard deviation of 0.46 m/s.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

Building energy consumption takes up almost 25% of the total energy consumption. Therefore, diversified ways, such as improving wall and window insulation, have been considered to reduce building energy consumption. Recently, green roof system has been explored as an effective alternative for dealing with reducing heating and cooling energy, thermal island effect and improving water quality. However, recent studies regarding a green roof system have only focused on building energy reduction without considering the applied usage, location, and story of the green roof system. Therefore, this study pays attention to the heating and cooling energy in relation to the applied usage, location, and story of a green roof system for investigating its impact on energy reduction. The result of simulations show that the reduction in heating energy consumption is higher when applied to Cherwon-gun province which has a continental climate condition, compared to the city of Busan that is distinguished by its warm climate. Cooling energy saving turns out to be higher when the green roof system is applied to Busan in comparison with Cherwon. As for the applied usage or function of the building, residential space acquires the highest heating and cooling energy saving effect rather than commerce, educational or office space because of HVAC's running time based on usage. When it comes to the story of the green roof, both heating and cooling energy saving become the highest when the green roof is applied to single-storied buildings. The reason is that single story building is affected by the ground largely. Generally, the variations of heating energy consumption are larger than the cooling energy consumption. The outcome of the simulations, when a green roof system is applied, indicates that the energy consumption reduction rate is dynamically responding to the applied usage, location, and story. Therefore, these factors should be counted closely for maximizing the reduction of energy consumption through green roof systems.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.490-498
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• 2023

Background/Aims: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common and serious complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. To prevent this event, a unique precutting method, termed opening window fistulotomy, was performed in patients with a large infundibulum as the primary procedure for biliary cannulation, whereby a suprapapillary laid-down H-shaped incision was made without touching the orifice. This study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of this novel technique. Methods: One hundred and ten patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients with a papillary roof size ≥10 mm underwent opening window fistulotomy for primary biliary access. In addition, the incidence of complications and success rate of biliary cannulation were evaluated. Results: The median size of the papillary roof was 6 mm (range, 3-20 mm). Opening window fistulotomy was performed in 30 patients (27.3%), none of whom displayed PEP. Duodenal perforation was recorded in one patient (3.3%), which was resolved by conservative treatment. The cannulation rate was high (96.7%, 29/30 patients). The median duration of biliary access was 8 minutes (range, 3-15 minutes). Conclusions: Opening window fistulotomy demonstrated its feasibility for primary biliary access by achieving great safety with no PEP complications and a high success rate for biliary cannulation.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

A window increases the lighting quality of a space by allowing daylight into the space, and maintains visual contact with the outside. Moreover, the window with a preferred view provides many benefits such as psychological satisfaction, occupants' health and improved environmental quality. This study aimed to investigate how view elements and window luminance influence occupants' seating preference in a living room. The experiment was carried out in a mock-up model with thirty-two subjects (17 men and 15 women). The nine seating positions in a living room have different view such as natural view (trees or sky) and man-made view (paving and roof top). Subjects were asked to select a position in the room where they felt most visual comfort. Simultaneously Photolux 2.1 software was used to analyze the window luminance. The experiment results indicated that subjects prefer to be seated near a window and feel comfort in a seating overlooking the trees and sky. This would indicate that the natural elements of the view and a distance to the window affect seating preference to the occupants.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate expression characteristics of korean traditionality in restaurants & Ccfes which adapted thatched roof & shingle-roofed house. As a method of this study, a case study was made to investigate for exterior and interior elements(roof type, facade, floor, wall, ceiling, door & window) of 12 restaurants & cafes in Seoul and Kyunggi Province from June 10, 2013 to December 1, 2013. The results of this study were as follows: First, traditional transformation was mostly used among the traditional expression methods. But, there was not many traditional reinterpretation method. Second, looking at each component, traditional reproduction method mostly used for roof, column and ceiling to emphasize facade. Traditional transformation method can be divided into 3 ways in detail. The first method is mixing materials of modern and traditional, and the second one is transforming traditional material and combining this with modern one. The third is removing traditional material completely and transforming totally into modern materials. Third, traditional high quality noble houses are found in luxurious Korean restaurants and luxurious cafes while common houses are found in local food restaurant and cafes. It is because traditional common houses are still considered as low quality of design and it may prevent common houses from becoming high quality of design.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2020

본 실험 연구에서는 대표적인 네 가지 타입의 승용차 차량형태에 대한 공기역학(공력) 성능 분석, 측면 유리의 각도에 따른 공력 성능 분석, 엔진후드(엔진 덮개)의 각도차이에 따른 공력 성능 분석, 루프 라인의 각도 차이에 따른 공력 성능 분석을 통해 차량의 형태 변화에 따라 공력 성능이 어떻게 변화하는지를 종합적으로 분석해 보았다. 실험결과 비스듬히 떨어지는 후면 유리 라인은 공력 성능을 저하시켰고, 루프의 각도 차이에 따른 공력 성능 차이는 거의 나타나지 않았으며 일찍 떨어지는 후면 라인은 공력 성능에 가시적인 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 차량의 루프라인이 수평으로 늦게까지 이어지다 천천히 떨어지는 후면 유리 라인은 스타일링에 도움이 될지언정 공력 성능은 저하시켰다. 후방 디퓨저의 경우 차체의 형태에 따라 그 성능 효과가 달라지는 것으로 판단되었다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Recently, the coverage of urban forests has been rapidly decreasing as the cities are created and expanding. Consequently, there arise urban problems such as heat island effect, urban flooding, urban desertification and so on. In this context, green roof systems is considered to be an efficient alternative to deal with these problems. However, it is difficult to apply green roof to new buildings since the majority of the buildings in cities are already constructed and the demand for new building constructions is not high enough. Therefore, it should be considered to apply green roof system to existing buildings for resolving various problems. This study evaluates heating and cooling energy consumption based on the combination of passive design factors such as wall, roof, window insulation in addition to a green roof system applied to an existing house by using an energy simulation program. Total 8 potential improvement cases are developed. Each case is applied to the same house with different insulation standard for simulations. Through the analysis of the simulated cases with the chosen test house, it is confirmed that heating energy consumption decreases as improvement cases are applied, but cooling energy consumption is relatively not much affected by each improvement case. In addition, when each improvement case is applied to already highly insulated house, the effect of thermal energy improvement decreases while the same improvement that is applied to the case with low insulated house tends to yield higher improvement rate.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.121-135
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• 2010

This study was to analyze the architectural characteristics and facade construction of brick masonry auditorium through the Auditorium of Namsan Primary School in 1936. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The auditorium is located away from the school buildings, and its plane is a chamber of rectangle type with an entrance installed on each of the four sides. 2. The external appearance is Renaissance eclectic style, laid red bricks on the lower wall of the window and having a mansard roof. The front and the rear are symmetric with respect to the projected wall at the center. 3. As to the structure of the building, a concrete lower wall was built on the concrete continuous footing, and the brick wall was constructed on the lower wall. The roof is queen post roof truss, and the wall girders were installed on the brick wall. 4. The auditorium has had a number of repairing and maintenance works, which changed the roof and windows outside and the floor, walls, ceiling, etc. inside. 5. The decorative elements of external appearance include lower wall, brick wall, entrances, windows, roof, and dormer windows. The brick wall gives verticality and solidity to the surface of the wall, and the lower wall and wall girders are connected like a cornice of the wall. The surface of the mansard roof and dormer windows express a stable vertically oriented shape.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is the analysis of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' with a structural character of Ddeulzip in Andong cultural area. There are many structural methods to solve the problems of Ddeuljip which is connected space in the rectangular type. There are 'Slope Base', 'Woosangak' roof, 'Seosangak' roof, and '4 beam roof framing' Moreover, they have been used 'perpendicular crossing Dori'. Its characters are as follows ; 1. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is occurred in different depth of width and length space of 'ㄱ' typed plan. At that time the beam of width is crossed in the middle of the beam of length without the order under them. 2. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is the method of free depth of width in regular distance of column which is different from general usage of balcony order. 3. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is founded north-western area of Andong Cultural Area(Bonghwa, Andong, Youngju, and Yeacheun). The best old sample was in Andong(16C) and the next is Yeacheun(17C) and the last is Bonghwa(18C). 4. The frequency in use of roof type of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is 64% of 'Seosangak' and 36% of 'Woosangak'. The sample of 'Woosangak' house of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is concentrated in Bonghwa. 5. The best merit of the 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is usage of double swing window in front of Anbang, It is the spacial success which overcomes the structural limits. And it is the structural rationality.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

Regarding to the Domestic housing politics to improve residing environment and effective use of country land, apartment buildings have been constructed since early of 1970s. Now apartment is taking over 50% out of entire housing in Korea. In the view point of PV application to the apartment, PV has amny advantages because of the wideness of out-walls and high floors building in APT. Therefore, if APT could use the electricity produced by BIPV, we can solve more easily environment and energy problems caused by housing. The research conclusion by analysing conditions and application method to introduce BIPV application to APT in near future is as below. -The out look of APT has been developed periodically and recently gable roof or canopy is popular which PV installation is more favorable. -For Balcony part with double skin facade sassy window, It has a preferable condition to install on the wall depending on the window direction. -In case of shorter distance between buildings due to high ratio of outside measurement, it is more desirable to install PV on the roof than on the wall of Apartment by considering low solar altitude. -Also depending on the direction of APT building, it is more effective and productive in electricity in the broad surface of side wall of APT. -In case of superhigh floor APT where facade system is mostly double skin facade of curtain wall system, PV module can replace the traditional curtain wall and will reduce architectural materials and obtain various out look design thereof.