• 제목/요약/키워드: rock fracture

검색결과 548건 처리시간 0.029초

의치상용 레진의 전입 방법에 따른 중합체적변화와 굴곡강도에 관한 연구 (DIMENSIONAL CHANGE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH IN COMPLETE DENTURES FABRICATED BY INJECTION MOLDING AND CONVENTIONAL COMPRESSION PROCESSING)

  • 최훈달;권긍록;김형섭;최대균
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.478-486
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    • 2005
  • Statement of problem : Fracture and dimensional change of an acrylic resin denture are a rather common occurrence. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare differences in dimensional changes and flexural strength of separate maxillary complete dentures after immediate deflasking by injection molding and conventional compression processing. Material and method: To evaluate dimensional stability, the maxillary dentures were fabricated by using different materials and methods. Lucitone 199(Dentsply Trubyte. york, pennsylvania, USA) and Vertex(Dentimex, zeist, Netherlands) were used as materials. Compression and injection packing methods were used as processing methods. The impression surface of the dentures was measured by 3D Scann-ing System(PERCEPTRON USA) and overlapped original impression surface of the master cast. To evaluate flexural strength, resin specimens were made according to the different materials, powder/liquid ratio and processing methods. Flexural strength of the complete resin specimens (64mm$\times$10mm$\times$3.3mm) were measured by INSTRON 4467. (INSTRON, England) The data was analyzed by ANOVA, t-test and Tukey test. (p<.05 level of significance) Result: The results were as follows 1. There was no significant differences between master model and denture base for each group in overall dimensional changes. 2. Palatal area was more stable than flange or alveolar area in dimensional stability. but. there was no significant differences among each area. 3. Materials and power/liquid ratio had an effect on flexural strength. (P<.05) Especially materials was most effective. (P<.05) 4. Lucitone 199(powder/liquid ratio followed by manufacturer's direction) showed higher flexural strength than Vertex. Conclusion : Dimensional stability or flexural strength are affected by materials rather than packing techniques.

AE 측정을 위한 탐촉자의 보정에 대한 고찰 (A Study on the Transducer Calibration for Acoustic Emission Measurement)

  • 김교원
    • 지질공학
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 1996
  • 암석 시료의 파괴시에 발생하는 AE신호를 측정하여 파괴와 관련된 미세균열의 발생원에 대한 연구를 위하여서는 탐촉자에서 기록장치까지 전과정에 대한 검증이 필요하다. 특히 탐촉자는 기계적인 진동을 전기신호로 전환하는 기능을 가진 예민한 장치로서 다양한 인자에 의하여 예민도가 달라질 수 있기 때문에 보정시험을 실리하여야 한다. 압전 압력형 PAC 탐촉자를 NBS나 DG의 변위형 탐촉자에 의하여 보정하는 시험을 실시하였다. NBS 및 PAC탐촉자는 파의 입사방위각에는 무관하나 입사각에는 예민하게 반응한다. 즉, 입사각이 $90^{\circ}$ 일 때에는 입사각 $15^{\circ}$ 이하 일 때보다 약 10배의 큰 출력을 나타내었다. 또한, 시험에 사용된 PAC 탐촉자가의 경우 강도에 대한 개별 예민도의 차이가 최대 약 40%이었다. 압력형 PAC 탐촉자는 변위형 표준탐촉자로 절대치 보정시험을 실시한 결과 보정계수는 평균 77mv/pm이었다.

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전기방사한 폴리에틸렌옥사이드 나노섬유/에폭시 복합재료의 기계적 계면특성 (Mechanical Interfacial Properties of Electrospun-based Poly(ethyleneoxide) Nanofibers/Epoxy Composites)

  • 정효진;이재락;박수진
    • Composites Research
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.31-37
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구에서는 나노섬유로 강인화된 복합재료를 만들기 위해 전기방사방법을 이용해서 폴리에틸렌옥사이드 (PEO) 나노섬유를 제조하였고, 제조된 복합재료와의 기계적 계면특성을 비교하기 위해 PEO 입자로 강인화된 복합재료를 제조하였다. PEO 나노섬유의 파이버 직경과 모폴로지는 주사전자현미경을 통해 관찰하였고, 복합재료의 기계적 계면특성은 파괴인성 $(K_{IC})$과 층간 전단 강도실험 (ILSS)을 통하여 알아보았다. 실험결과, 인가전압이 증가될수록 파이버의 직경은 감소하였고. 고전압에서 제트 불안정성의 증가로 인해서 최적의 섬유구조는 15 kV에서 얻을 수 있었다. PEO 나노섬유로 강인화된 에폭시 복합재료는 파괴인성인자 값인 $K_{IC}$와 ILSS가 PEO 입자로 강인화된 복합재료보다 향상된 값을 나타내었다. 이는 나노섬유가 입자에 비해 높은 비표면적과 aspect ratio를 가짐에 따라 복합재료의 기계적 계면특성을 향상시키는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단된다.

Interaction and mechanical effect of materials interface of contact zone composite samples: Uniaxial compression experimental and numerical studies

  • Wang, Weiqi;Ye, Yicheng;Wang, Qihu;Luo, Binyu;Wang, Jie;Liu, Yang
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.571-582
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    • 2020
  • Aiming at the mechanical and structural characteristics of the contact zone composite rock, the uniaxial compression tests and numerical studies were carried out. The interaction forms and formation mechanisms at the contact interfaces of different materials were analyzed to reveal the effect of interaction on the mechanical behavior of composite samples. The research demonstrated that there are three types of interactions between the two materials at the contact interface: constraint parallel to the interface, squeezing perpendicular to the interface, and shear stress on the interface. The interaction is mainly affected by the differences in Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus of the two materials, stronger interface adhesion, and larger interface inclination. The interaction weakens the strength and stiffness of the composite sample, and the magnitude of weakening is positively correlated with the degree of difference in the mechanical properties of the materials. The tensile-shear stress derived from the interaction results in the axial tensile fracture perpendicular to the interface and the interfacial shear facture. Tensile cracks in stronger material will propagation into the weaker material through the bonded interface. The larger inclination angle of the interface enhances the effect of composite tensile/shear failure on the overall sample.

유발지진 관측과 활용 (Induced Seismicity and Its Applications)

  • 강태섭;이준기;최남수
    • 지구물리와물리탐사
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.21-30
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    • 2015
  • 유발지진은 인류에 의한 수많은 영향 및 다양한 지질학적 조건과 연관되어서 지난 수십 년 동안 관측되어 왔다. 이 논문에서는 다양한 유발지진을 고찰하고 자연적인 조구조 지진뿐만 아니라 유발지진의 종류에 따라 서로 비교한다. 수압파쇄는 암석층에서 새로운 균열을 통해 투수성을 높이는데 보편적으로 사용된다. 이 과정에서 유발지진이 발생하는데, 이 지진은 단열망과 석유/가스의 이동에 관한 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 유사한 방식으로 탄화수소 생산과정이나, 댐 저수지, 채광 활동 또는 폐수 주입 등의 과정에서도 의도하지 않은 유발지진이 발생하며, 이를 이용하여 다양한 수리역학적인 과정과 다양한 규모에서 저류층 특성의 변화를 파악할 수 있다. 일반적인 결론으로 지금까지 알려진 유발지진에 대한 불확실성과 지식의 한계를 요약하고 향후 연구에서 다루어야 할 몇 가지 주제를 제시한다.

일축압축상태의 석고 실험체에서 발생하는 날개크랙과 이차크랙에 대한 미시적 관측 (A Micro-observation on the Wing and Secondary Cracks Developed in Gypsum Blocks Subjected to Uniaxial Compression)

  • 사공명
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.171-178
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    • 2003
  • 날개크랙과 이차크랙은 암석의 일축압축 및 이축압축 조건에서 관측되는 특정한 형태의 크랙이다. 본 연구에서는 석고로 제작된 실험체내에 발생하는 날개크랙과 이차크랙의 형태적 측면을 미시적 및 거시적 관점에서 관측하였다. 날개크랙의 진행방향을 따라 미소인장크랙이 관측되었으며 미소인장크랙은 공극간의 연결과 분지현상을 통하여 진전되었다. 날개크랙의 개시점에서 다중의 미소인장크랙의 개시가 관측되었으며 미소인장크랙은 굴곡진 진행을 보인다. 또한 이차크랙과는 달리 미소인장크랙은 상대적으로 일정한 크랙의 틈을 보이며 인장에 의한 할렬파괴에 의해 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 이차크랙의 미시적 관측에서는 미소파쇄대가 관측되었다. 이차크랙의 파괴구간 내에서는 입자 및 집괴의 분리, 경사진 미소파쇄대의 형성 및 불규칙한 크기의 틈을 가진 미소파쇄대가 관측되었다. 이러한 결과는 이차크랙이 전단에 의해 형성됨을 보이고 있다 날개크랙과 이차크랙은 서로 다른 크기의 파괴진행구간을 보이고 있으며 각각의 크랙의 진행 방향에 직각방향으로 측정된 파괴진행구간의 폭은 날개크랙의 경우 10$\mu{m}$에서 20$\mu{m}$ 정도이며 이차크랙은 100$\mu{m}$에서 200$\mu{m}$ 정도이다.

원위치 X-ray CT 촬영이 가능한 암석의 수리-역학 실험용 삼축셀 개발 (Development of Triaxial Cells Operable with In Situ X-ray CT for Hydro-Mechanical Laboratory Testing of Rocks)

  • 장리;염선;신휴성
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제36권9호
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    • pp.45-55
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    • 2020
  • X-ray CT는 암석시편의 공극 및 균열과 같은 내부 미세구조와 손상들의 정량적 분석에 활용되어 왔다. 원위치 CT는 외력 등 다양한 외적 요인에 영향을 받고 있는 암석 시편의 내외부 변화 과정을 관찰할 수 있게 해준다. 이의 확인을 위해, 암반/지반재료 특성분석에 활용한 원위치 X-ray CT 기술에 관한 최신 연구동향을 파악하였으며, 원위치 CT이미징이 가능한 암석의 수리-역학적 실험용 삼축셀을 개발하였다. 직경 25~50 mm 화강암 및 사암 코아시편의 원위치 CT이미징이 성공적으로 진행되었으며, 34~105 ㎛ 범위의 픽셀피치의 해상도를 취득할 수 있었다. 본 사전검토 촬영 실험을 통해 마이크로미터 스케일에서 암석의 내부구조 변화의 원위치 CT관찰이 가능한 것을 파악하였다. 요오드화 칼륨 용액은 CT이미지의 대비를 증가시키고 암석의 수리-역학 실험에서 주입유체로 사용할 수 있다.

An experimental study on the hydraulic fracturing of radial horizontal wells

  • Yan, Chuanliang;Ren, Xu;Cheng, Yuanfang;Zhao, Kai;Deng, Fucheng;Liang, Qimin;Zhang, Jincheng;Li, Yang;Li, Qingchao
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.535-541
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    • 2019
  • Combining the radial well drilling and hydraulic fracturing technique, the production capacity of the reservoirs with low-permeability can be improved effectively. Due to the existence of radial holes, the stress around the well is redistributed, and the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures are different with those in traditional hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influences of radial horizontal wells on hydraulic fracturing. The laboratory experiment was conducted to simulate the hydraulic fracturing on the physical model with radial holes. The experimental results showed that, compared with the borehole without radial holes, the sample with radial hole in the direction of maximum horizontal stress was fractured with significantly lower pressure. As the angle between direction of the horizontal hole and the maximum horizontal stress increased, the breakdown pressure grew. While when the radial hole was drilled towards the direction of the minimum horizontal stress, the breakdown pressure increased to that needed in the borehole without radial holes. When the angle between the radial hole and the maximum horizontal stress increase, the pressure required to propagate the fractures grew apparently, and the fracture become complex. Meanwhile, the deeper the radial hole drilled, the less the pressure was needed for fracturing.

Simulation of fracture mechanism of pre-holed concrete model under Brazilian test using PFC3D

  • Sarfarazi, Vahab;Haeri, Hadi;Shemirani, Alireza Bagher
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.675-687
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    • 2018
  • In the previous studies on the porous rock strength the effect of pore number and its diameter is not explicitly defined. In this paper crack initiation, propagation and coalescence in Brazilian model disc containing a single cylindrical hole and or multiple holes have been studied numerically using PFC3D. In model with internal hole, the ratio of hole diameter to model diameter was varied between 0.03, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, and 0.42. In model with multiple hole number of holes was different in various model, i.e., one hole, two holes, three holes, four holes, five holes, six holes, seven holes, eight holes and nine holes. Diameter of these holes was 5 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm. The pre-holed Brazilian discs are numerically tested under Brazilian test. The breakage load in the ring type disc specimens containing an internal hole with varying diameters is measured. The mechanism of cracks propagation in the wall of the ring type specimens is also studied. In the case of multi-hole Brazilian disc, the cracks propagation and b cracks coalescence are also investigated. The results shows that breaking of the pre-holed disc specimens is due to the propagation of radially induced tensile cracks initiated from the surface of the central hole and propagating toward the direction of diametrical loading. In the case of disc specimens with multiple holes, the cracks propagation and cracks coalescence may occur simultaneously in the breaking process of model under diametrical compressive loading. Finally the results shows that the failure stress and crack initiation stress decreases by increasing the hole diameter. Also, the failure stress decreases by increasing the number of hole which mobilized in failure. The results of these simulations were comprised with other experimental and numerical test results. It has been shown that the numerical and experimental results are in good agreement with each other.

Shear behavior of non-persistent joints in concrete and gypsum specimens using combined experimental and numerical approaches

  • Haeri, Hadi;Sarfarazi, V.;Zhu, Zheming;Hokmabadi, N. Nohekhan;Moshrefifar, MR.;Hedayat, A.
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제69권2호
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    • pp.221-230
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, shear behavior of non-persistent joint surrounded in concrete and gypsum layers has been investigated using experimental test and numerical simulation. Two types of mixture were prepared for this study. The first type consists of water and gypsum that were mixed with a ratio of water/gypsum of 0.6. The second type of mixture, water, sand and cement were mixed with a ratio of 27%, 33% and 40% by weight. Shear behavior of a non-persistent joint embedded in these specimens is studied. Physical models consisting of two edge concrete layers with dimensions of 160 mm by 130 mm by 60 mm and one internal gypsum layer with the dimension of 16 mm by 13 mm by 6 mm were made. Two horizontal edge joints were embedded in concrete beams and one angled joint was created in gypsum layer. Several analyses with joints with angles of $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, and $60^{\circ}$ degree were conducted. The central fault places in 3 different positions. Along the edge joints, 1.5 cm vertically far from the edge joint face and 3 cm vertically far from the edge joint face. All samples were tested in compression using a universal loading machine and the shear load was induced because of the specimen geometry. Concurrent with the experiments, the extended finite element method (XFEM) was employed to analyze the fracture processes occurring in a non-persistent joint embedded in concrete and gypsum layers using Abaqus, a finite element software platform. The failure pattern of non-persistent cracks (faults) was found to be affected mostly by the central crack and its configuration and the shear strength was found to be related to the failure pattern. Comparison between experimental and corresponding numerical results showed a great agreement. XFEM was found as a capable tool for investigating the fracturing mechanism of rock specimens with non-persistent joint.