• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2021

Background: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive chemical that causes sensitization and has also been associated with increased lung cancer. A risk assessment was conducted based on occupational epidemiologic estimates for several health outcomes. Methods: Exposure and outcome details were extracted from published studies and a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation for new onset asthma, pulmonary function measurements, symptom prevalence, and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory disease. Summary exposure-response estimates were calculated taking into account relative precision and possible survivor selection effects. Attributable incidence of sensitization was estimated as were annual proportional losses of pulmonary function. Excess lifetime risks and benchmark doses were calculated. Results: Respiratory outcomes exhibited strong survivor bias. Asthma/sensitization exposure response decreased with increasing facility-average TDI air concentration as did TDI-associated pulmonary impairment. In a mortality cohort where mean employment duration was less than 1 year, survivor bias pre-empted estimation of lung cancer and respiratory disease exposure response. Conclusion: Controlling for survivor bias and assuming a linear dose-response with facility-average TDI concentrations, excess lifetime risks exceeding one per thousand occurred at about 2 ppt TDI for sensitization and respiratory impairment. Under alternate assumptions regarding stationary and cumulative effects, one per thousand excess risks were estimated at TDI concentrations of 10 - 30 ppt. The unexplained reported excess mortality from lung cancer and other lung diseases, if attributable to TDI or associated emissions, could represent a lifetime risk comparable to that of sensitization.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.469-479
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• 2023

A probabilistic seismic damage analysis is an essential procedure to identify seismically vulnerable structures, prioritize the seismic retrofit, and ultimately minimize the overall seismic risk. To assess the seismic risk of multiple structures within a region, a large number of nonlinear time-history structural analyses must be conducted and studied. As a result, each assessment requires high computing resources. To overcome this limitation, we explore a deep learning-based metamodel to enable the prediction of the mean and the standard deviation of the seismic damage distribution of track-on steel-plate girder railway bridges in Korea considering the geometric variation. For machine learning training, nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses are performed to generate 800 high-fidelity datasets on the seismic response. Through intensive trial and error, the study is concentrated on developing an optimal machine learning architecture with the pre-identified variables of the physical configuration of the bridge. Additionally, the prediction performance of the proposed method is compared with a previous, well-defined, response surface model. Finally, the statistical testing results indicate that the overall performance of the deep-learning model is improved compared to the response surface model, as its errors are reduced by as much as 61%. In conclusion, the model proposed in this study can be effectively deployed for the seismic fragility and risk assessment of a region with a large number of structures.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.49-65
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• 2004

Ministry of Environment developed ‘Emergency Response Information System (ERIS)’ in 2001, which is in operation. As a next step, currently National Emergency Response Information System (NERIS) is being developed. The main difference among ERIS and NERIS is to enhance the system in the national level, including transportation of hazardous materials. This paper introduces concepts and methods applied to NERIS, especially HAZMAT, and the information system, operating strategies. Based on GIS and transportation-network data, the best route can be offered using Risk Analysis. Strategies for reporting and first-response information systems are also designed for emergencies in the paper.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.681-688
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• 2022

According to a recent study, most construction companies in Korea do not manage risk effectively, and it is judged that the risk management system needs to be improved. In addition, most risk-related studies deal with risks from a macroscopic perspective, and there are few studies dealing with process risks at the project construction stage. Therefore, this study tried to suggest a risk response plan through analysis and classification of risk factors that may occur in retaining work among process risks. To this end, a workshop was held for risk experts to identify and analyze risks that may occur during the construction of retaining work for apartments. As a result of the study, it was expected that savings of KRW 4.97 billion would be possible in the 95 % confidence interval, and the maximum possible cost was reduced from KRW 15 billion to about KRW 10 billion. Based on the risk reduction ratio, it was found that risks that can be reduced without any special input cost, risks with large effects in response to risks, and risks with insignificant effects were found. Therefore, using the types and risk factors presented in this study as guides, it is expected that it will be helpful in successfully operating the project if an appropriate response strategy is prepared and systematically responded to the site conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.549-562
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• 2023

The current society is in the VUCA era, where various risks produced by humans are spread along with the development of science and technology. There is a need to increase the level of risk literacy of citizens to strengthen their daily preparedness to respond to these risks. For this on, it is necessary to reconsider the role of science education so that risks can be perceived and responded to scientifically and objectively. Accordingly, in order to investigate the role of science education in a risk society, this study reviewed the history of risk perception and response related to science and analyzed its characteristics. In this process, perception and response to risks arising from blood pressure were analyzed in three contexts (historical context, curriculum context, textbook context). For historical context, journals registered in SCIE were selected as research subjects among journals where research related to the history of knowledge of the heart and cardiovascular system was conducted. Papers with the keywords 'hypertension' and 'history' were selected from the journals, and changes in perception and responses related to blood pressure were compared and analyzed by period. The curriculum context is analyzed from the 1st national curriculum to the 2022 revised curriculum, and content elements and achievement standard related to blood pressure were compared and analyzed. It was confirmed that risks arising from blood pressure were not included from the 1st to the 6th national curriculum, and that risks arising from blood pressure were included from the 7th national curriculum (excluding the 2009 revised curriculum). For the textbook context, the 7th national curriculum BiologyⅠ, the 2015 revised curriculum Life ScienceⅠ, and Health were selected, and through text mining, keywords that representing curriculums and textbooks were selected, and the presentation of risk perception and response was analyzed based on the keywords. And by analyzing the figures and tables presented in the textbook, the characteristics of risk perception and risk response were derived. This study is meaningful in that it was able to confirm the role of risk perception and response in science education.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2008

This study focuses on assessing the security ri sk or the terrorism in chemical process industries. This research modifies conventional method for assessing the terrorism risk. The risk assessment method is developed and it is implemented as software to analyze the possibility of terrorism and sabotage. This program includes five steps; asset characterization, threat assessment, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment and new countermeasures. It is a systematic, risk based approach in which risk is a function of the severity of consequences of an undesired event, the likelihood of adversary attack, and the likelihood of adversary success in causing the undesired event. The reliability of the program is verified using a dock zone case. The case dock zone includes a storage farm, a manufacturing plant, an electrical supply utility, a hydrotreater unit, many containers, and administration buildings. This study represents chemical terrorism response technology, the prevention plan, and new countermeasure to mitigate by using risk assessment methods in the chemical industry and public sector. This study suggests an effective approach to the chemical terrorism response management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.65-72
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• 2001

With the recent rising project complexities and competitive environments in the construction projects, a risk management is recognized as more important management tool than the others. However, as most risk management techniques applied to the construction projects are centered around their initial phases and risk analyses, they are not developed into general project management technique such as time management, cost management and quality management, etc., that are usually applied in the process of construction. Thus, this paper proposes a response process to construction project risks based on the risk threshold and its calculation methodology applying a concept of VaR to establish risk management as general management technique in the construction projects.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

Dose-response models in microbial risk assessment can be divided into biologically plausible models and empirical models. Biologically plausible models are formed by the assumptions in dose distribution of microbes, host sensitivity to microbes, and minimal infectious dose of microbes : there are Exponential model and $\beta$-Poisson model, representatively. Empirical models are mainly used to express the toxicity of chemicals : there are Weibull-Gamma model etc. Deviance function (Y) is used to fit available data to dose-response models, and some dose-response models for food-borne pathogens are developed in humans and experimental animals.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a Self-efficacy-based Basic Life Support (SEBLS) program for high-risk patients' family caregivers on cardiac arrest. The SEBLS program was constructed on the basis of Bandura's self-efficacy resources as well as the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation's '2000 Guidelines for CPR and ECC'. Method: The effect of the SEBLS program on emergency response self-efficacy and emergency response behavior such as BLS(Basic Life Support) knowledge and BLS skill performance was measured by a simulated control group pretest-posttest design. Study subjects were38 high-risk patients' family caregivers(20 experimental subjects and 18 control subjects) whose family patients were admitted to a general hospital in Incheon, Korea. Result: 1. Emergency response self-efficacy was significantly higher in the experimental subjects who participated in the SEBLS program than in the control subjects. (t=8.3102, p=0.0001). 2. For emergency response behavior, BLS knowledge (t=5.6941, p=0.0001) and BLS skill performance (t=27.8281, p=0.0001) was significantly higher in experimental subjects than in control subjects. Conclusion: A SEBLS program can increase emergency response self-efficacy and emergency response behavior, and could be an effective intervention for high-risk patient's family caregivers. Long-term additional studies are needed to determine the lasting effects of the program.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.406-413
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• 2023

Captive breeding and reintroduction are crucial strategies for conserving endangered species populations. However, fish raised in predator-free environments, show a lack of recognition of predationrelated stimuli such as chemical and visual signals. It is critical to recognize chemical signals from injured conspecifics, also known as alarm signals, and the order or shape of predators to indicate the spread of predation risk in the habitat. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine and adjust the optimal exposure period to induce appropriate anti-predator behavior response to different types of stimuli (Chemical, Visual and Chemical+Visual) for the endangered species Microphysogobio rapidus. Our results demonstrate that predator avoidance behavior varies depending on the types of stimuli and the duration of predation risk exposure. First, the results showed captive-breed M. rapidus show lack of response against conspecific alarm signal (Chemical cue) before the predation risk exposure period and tend to increase response over predation risk exposure time. Second, response to predator (visual cue) tend to peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, but show dramatic decrease after 72 hours cumulative exposure. Finally, response to the mixed cue (Chemical+visual) tend to peak prior to the predation risk exposure period and show reduced response during subsequent exposure periods. This experiment confirms the lack of responsiveness to conspecific alarm signals in captive-bred M. rapidus and the need for an optimal nature behavior enhancement program prior to release of endangered species. Furthermore, responsiveness to predator visual signal peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, suggest an optimal predation risk exposure period of up to 48 hours.