• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.577-582
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• 2021

This study was conducted to find ways to restore the domestic medical tourism industry, which was seriously hit by a sharp drop in foreign patients after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Kendall's W verification was used by asking expert panel for keyword advice by ranking. The conclusion of the study is that institutions attracting foreign patients need an opportunity to turn the crisis situation into an opportunity by expanding treatment for severe foreign patients. In addition, it is possible to gain familiarity and trust in hospitals in situations where it is difficult to visit overseas through virtual and augmented reality, and to prevent the risk of infection and protect patients in the untact era. In addition, the blockchain can maintain patient information supplementation, share it safely, minimize customer inconvenience by using payment means using virtual currency, and finally, smart healthcare can manage and provide information to patients regardless of location.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.314-314
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• 2023

Extreme climate events can have a large impact on human life by hampering social, environmental, and economic development. Global circulation models (GCMs) are the widely used numerical models to understand the anticipated future climate change. However, different GCMs can project different future climates due to structural differences, varying initial boundary conditions and assumptions about the physical phenomena. The multi-model ensemble (MME) approach can improve the uncertainties associated with the different GCM outcomes. In this study, a comprehensive rating metric was used to select the best-performing GCMs out of 11 CMIP5 and 13 CMIP6 GCMs, according to their skills in terms of four temporal and five spatial performance indices, in replicating the 21 extreme climate indices during the baseline (1975-2017) in South Korea. The MME data were derived by averaging the simulations from all selected GCMs and three top-ranked GCMs. The random forest (RF) algorithm was also used to derive the MME data from the three top-ranked GCMs. The RF-derived MME data of the three top-ranked GCMs showed the highest performance in simulating the baseline extreme climate which was subsequently used to project the future extreme climate indices under both the representative concentration pathway (RCP) and the socioeconomic concentration pathway scenarios (SSP). The extreme cold and warming indices had declining and increasing trends, respectively, and most extreme precipitation indices had increasing trends over the period 2031-2100. Compared to all scenarios, RCP8.5 showed drastic changes in future extreme climate indices. The coasts in the east, south and west had stronger warming than the rest of the country, while mountain areas in the north experienced more extreme cold. While extreme cold climatology gradually declined from north to south, extreme warming climatology continuously grew from coastal to inland and northern mountainous regions. The results showed that the socially, environmentally and agriculturally important regions of South Korea were at increased risk of facing the detrimental impacts of extreme climatology.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.99-125
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• 2020

This study analyzes the priority according to the importance of the government's oyster industry support policy using AHP (analytic hierarchy process), and it compares and confirms the satisfaction level of direct and indirect workers using this policy in contribution to the development of the oyster industry. The results of the importance analysis by AHP analysis are as follows: As a result of the evaluation of the importance of the entire sample, it is found that the most important factor is the production facilities of the production supply of the competitiveness enhancement, the purchase of raw materials of the production supply of the competitiveness enhancement, and the aging of the structural risks of risk reduction. Also, significant differences among the workers in the ranking of importance are identified. According to the comprehensive evaluation results of indirect workers, which consist of public officials, the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives, and related professors, raw materials, production facilities, and high-quality products are produced in order to increase competitiveness. There are differences among workers in order of marine pollution of environmental risks, structural fish population reduction, and structural aging of risk factors.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.15-24
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• 2005

There is a large waste of time, money, and production through the infelicitous product design process in small and medium enterprises. They don't possess enough career-manpower with respect to design. Especially, the objective and scientific approach process isn't presented very well on the 'establishment concept' of the embodiment phase or 'Sketch and Rendering' of the development phase which are the most important design processes. So, this research is applied to the conception of the AHP method. It uses the basic concept of relativity to decrease risk from the calculational quantity data, and supplement the decision making phase. Generally, human beings can conclude by relative judgement which is more influenceable than absolute judgement. So we must use the relative comparison concept rather than the comparison of two items with variable sketches based on characteristics of human beings. Thus, efficiency judgement is dependent on design sketch comparisons which help the consistency progress of variable alternative plans. We can decrease risk when we chose the final design and increase efficiency of the design decision making. That is now a perfect selection of each alternative's ranking and sensitive design result but this research will provide consistency criterion on filtering and lead to variable design alternatives. The significance of this research is the efficiency method that overcomes differences of character and sensitivity on many phases of the process. Finally, this research proposes a new ideal process that where applied improves quality and evidence of propriety through comparison to existing methods result in method application research for improvement quality.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 2004

In this article, we are to suggest the hazard-assessing method for the underground pipelines, and find out the pipeline-maintenance schemes of high efficiency in cost. Three kinds of methods are applied in order to refer to the approaching methods of listing the hazards for the underground pipelines: the first is RBI(Risk Based Inspection), which firstly assess the effect of the neighboring population, the dimension, thickness of pipe, and working time. It enables us to estimate quantitatively the risk exposure. The second is the scoring system which is based on the environmental factors of the buried pipelines. Last we quantify the frequency of the releases using the present THOMAS' theory. In this work, as a result of assessing the hazard of it using SPC scheme, the hazard score related to how the gas pipelines erodes indicate the numbers from 30 to 70, which means that the assessing criteria define well the relative hazards of actual pipelines. Therefore. even if one pipeline region is relatively low score, it can have the high frequency of leakage due to its longer length. The acceptable limit of the release frequency of pipeline shows 2.50E-2 to 1.00E-l/yr, from which we must take the appropriate actions to have the consequence to be less than the acceptable region. The prediction of total frequency using regression analysis shows the limit operating time of pipeline is the range of 11 to 13 years, which is well consistent with that of the actual pipeline. Concludingly, the hazard-listing scheme suggested in this research will be very effectively applied to maintaining the underground pipelines.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-123
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• 2004

We focus in this study on incremental financing decisions and estimate a logit model for the probability a firm will choose a private placement over a public bond issue. We hypothesize that information asymmetry, financial risk, agent cost, and proprietary information may affect a firm's choice between public debt and private placements. We find that as the size of firm increases, the probability of choosing a private placement declines significantly. The age of the firm, however, is not a significant factor affecting the firm's choice between public and privately-placed bond. The coefficients on the firm's leverage and non-investment grade dummy are significantly positive, meaning firms with high financial risk and credit risk select private placements. The findings regarding agency-related variables, PER and Tobin's Q, are somewhat complex. We find significant evidence that firms with high PER prefer private placements to public bonds, suggesting that borrowers with options to engage in asset substitution or underinvestment are more likely to choose private placements. The coefficient of Tobin's Q is negative, but not significant, which weakly support the hold-up hypothesis. When we construct an interaction term on the Tobin's Q with a non-investment rating dummy, however, the Tobin's Q interaction term becomes positive and significant. Thus, high Tobin's Q firms with a speculative rating are significantly more likely to choose a private placement, regardless of the potential hold-up problems. The ratio of R&D to sales, proxy for proprietary information, is positively significant. This result can be interpreted as evidence in favor of a role for proprietary information in the debt sourcing decision process for these firms.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.38-47
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• 1995

The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is used as an important criterion in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Also it can be used as indicator of biomagnification of environmentally hazardous chemicals through food-chain as well as a tool for ranking the bioconcentration potential of the chemicals in the environment. This paper reports the measured BCF value on Chlorothalonil in Carassius auratus(goldfish), under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and the partition coefficient or acute toxicity or physicochemical properties. Carassius auratus(goldfish) was chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day. Experimental concentrations were 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm. Chlorothalonil in fish tissue and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting and quantitating of Chlorothalonil. Partition coefficient was determined by stir-flask method. $LC_{50}$ was determined on Chlorothalonil. Carbaryl and BPMC. The obtained results were as follows. 1. It was possible to determine short term BCFs of Chlorothalonil through relatively simple procedure in environmental concentrations. 2. $BF_3$ of Chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm were 2.1866$\pm$0.23446, 3.5269$\pm$0.23517, 10.2045$\pm$0.18053 and BCFs were 6.6543$\pm$0.55257, 6.9774$\pm$0.02500, 23.4576$\pm$2.06884, respectively. 3. Chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCFs of Chlorothalonil were increased as increasing test concentration and prolonging test period. 4. Fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil was greater than that of control-water con-centration. It is considered that greater fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil is due to hydrolyzing nitrile group under the mild condition and substituting chloro group by some aromatic compounds in test water. 5. Determined logP of Chlorothalonil was 2.80. And determined $LC_{50}$ of Chlorothalonil in time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr were 0.1684, 0.1402, 0.1400, 0.1352(mg/l) respectively. And $LC_{50}$ of Carbaryl in above times were 19.918, 18.635, 18.466, 18.12(mg/l) respectively. $LC_{50}$ of BPMC were 10.248, 9.166, 9.087, 8.921(mg/l) respectively. 6. It is suggested that the BCF of Carbamates depend on partition coefficients. But BCF of Chlorothalonil, organochlorine pesticide, would be strongly influenced by steric, electronic effect of substituents than partition coefficient.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2016

National parks, which are located mainly in mountainous areas, are always at risk of damage by landslides. The goal of this study is to establish a method for systematically maintaining hazardous steep slopes along trails in national parks. We produced a checklist suitable for each of the 19 national parks nationwide and investigated 183 slopes. The aim of these investigations is to recommend appropriate slope-stability countermeasures, including field investigations and stability analysis. We made preliminary investigations at specific sites, evaluating the slope hazard using specialized equipment such as terrestrial LiDAR. An investment priority formula was developed, and ranking and hazardous grades were calculated as part of a long-term maintenance plan. Finally, to systematically manage dangerous slopes and to house all the field data within one system, we developed the "Slope Maintenance System in National Parks" based on web server that can show various information for slopes.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_4
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• pp.1153-1166
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial correlation between the heat distribution map of the satellite imaging base and the factors that deepen the heat wave, and to explore the heat concentration area and the space where the risk of future heat wave may increase. The global Moran's I of population, land use, and buildings, which are the causes of heat concentration and heat wave deepening, is found to be high and concentrated in specific spaces. According to the analysis results of local Moran's I, heat concentration areas appeared mainly in large cities such as metropolitan and metropolitan areas, and forests were dominant in areas with relatively low temperatures. Areas with high population growth rates were distributed in the surrounding areas of Gyeonggi-do, Daejeon, and Busan, and the use of land and buildings were concentrated in the metropolitan area and large cities. Analysis by Bivarate Local Moran's I has shown that population growth is high in heat-intensive areas, and that artificial and urban building environments and land use take place. The results of this research can lead to the ranking of heat concentration areas and explore areas with environments where heat concentration is concentrated nationwide and deepens it, so ultimately it is considered to contribute to the establishment of preemptive measures to deal with extreme heat.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1053-1056
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• 2013

Background: Leukemia and lymphoma demonstrate significantly incidence rates throughout the world and particularly in Iran they cause serious mortality and diagnosis and treatment expenditures for both families and the health system. Combined they account for about 11 percent of cancers in Mazandaran province, ranking number 2 in prevalent cancers. The purpose of this study was to provide a first general and specific description of leukemia and lymphoma in Mazandaran province. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, entire patient's data were reviewed which had confirmed diagnosis of leukemia and lymphoma with valid laboratory or pathology reports in the period 2001-2008. The data were collected by Babol health research site related to Tehran University of Medical Science. Incidence rates based on age groups, gender, city of residence and type of malignancy were calculated and analyzed. Results: In Mazandaran province, 1,146 cases of leukemia and lymphoma were encountered, 5.9 in 100,000 persons on average annually. The highest incidence rates were obtained at age of 70 or above (26.4) and the lowest at age of 0-9 (2.3).The incidence rates in males and females were 7.1 and 4.8 respectively with a ratio of 1.5. The highest incidence rate was in Babol (7.3) and the lowest was calculated in Neka and Tonekabon equally (1.5). According to the type of malignancy, non Hodgkin lymphoma, with 2.5/100,000 have the most incidence rate and myeloid leukemia with 1.8 had the lowest. Conclusions: The obtained findings indicate clear differences in incidence rates based on age, gender, residence, and type of malignancy. Therefore it's suggested that in addition to promote data collecting programs, research projects should be programmed to define leukemia and lymphoma risk factors in this province.