• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study to compare of clinical profile between obese and nonobese type 2 diabetic patients. The subjects were consist of 111 obese (50 male, 61 female) and 159 non obese (79 male, 80 female) type 2 diabetic patients underwent fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, $HbA_1c$, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, microalbuminuria, fasting C-peptide and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide were measured. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI, kilograms per meters squared) ${\geq}23$. Data analyses were t-test, chisquare test in SAS program. The results were as follows : 1) Triglycerides and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide were significant higher in obese than non-obese patients. 2) Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, $HbA_1c$, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, microalbuminuria and fasting C-peptide were no difference between obese and non-obese groups. These data indicate that obesity is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetic patients. Therefore, weight reductions have beneficial effects on insulin action and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic patients.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.559-567
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• 2003

Background: We first launched the case management program for diabetic patients who were registered in NHIC (National Health Insurance Corporation) in Korea and conducted this study to assess the effectiveness of the program. Methods: During the period from October in 2002 to March in 2003, 30 case managers performed the program for 71 diabetic patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of the program based on the results of fasting blood sugar level, two hour post-prandial blood sugar level, knowledge for diabetes, difficulty index in diabetes management, and the health risk factor changes of them. We analyzed results related to these factors through $x^2$ test and paired t-test. Results: The ave rage age of the subjects was 58.9. and the numbers of women and men were 43 and 28 respectively. The fasting blood sugar level and two hour post-prandial blood sugar level decreased from 164.3mg/dl to 146.5mg/dl and from 224.0mg/dl to 203.0mg/dl respectively. The knowledge for diabetes and difficulty index in diabetes management changed from 8.13 to 9.10 and from 3.52 to 2.91 respectively, and these changes were the positive. We observed improvement in self-test of sugar level, foot management, oral hygiene and proper medication but not in self-test of nutritional management. Conclusions: This study revealed that the case management program for diabetic patients who were registered in NHIC is significantly effective. However, the program need to study further to understand its long-term effects.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.511-517
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• 2017

Objective : Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke share common vascular risk factors such as aging and hypertension. Previous studies suggested that the rate of recurrent ICH and ischemic stroke might be similar after ICH. Presence of cerebral arterial stenosis is a potential risk factor for future ischemic stroke. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with cerebral arterial stenosis in Korean patients with spontaneous ICH. Methods : A total of 167 patients with spontaneous ICH were enrolled. Intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) and extracranial arterial stenosis (ECAS) were assessed by computed tomography angiography. Presence of ICAS was defined if patients had arterial stenosis in at least one intracranial artery. ECAS was assessed in the extracranial carotid artery. More than 50% luminal stenosis was defined as presence of stenosis. Prevalence and factors associated with presence of ICAS and cerebral arterial stenosis (presence of ICAS and/or ECAS) were investigated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results : Thirty-two (19.2%) patients had ICAS, 7.2% had ECAS, and 39 (23.4%) patients had any cerebral arterial stenosis. Frequency of ICAS and ECAS did not differ among ganglionic ICH, lobar ICH, and brainstem ICH. Age was higher in patients with ICAS ($67.6{\pm}11.8$ vs. $58.9{\pm}13.6years$ p=0.004) and cerebral arterial stenosis ($67.9{\pm}11.6$ vs. $59.3{\pm}13.5years$, p<0.001) compared to those without stenosis. Patients with ICAS were older, more frequently had diabetes, had a higher serum glucose level, and had a lower hemoglobin level than those without ICAS. Patients with cerebral arterial stenosis were older, had diabetes and lower hemoglobin level, which was consistent with findings in patients with ICAS. However, patients with cerebral arterial stenosis showed higher prevalence of hypertension and decreased kidney function compared to those without cerebral arterial stenosis. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that aging and presence of diabetes independently predicted the presence of ICAS, and aging, diabetes, and hypertension were independently associated with presence of cerebral arterial stenosis. Conclusion : 19.2% of patients with spontaneous ICH had ICAS, but the prevalence of ECAS was relatively lower (7.2%) compared with ICAS. Aging and diabetes were independent factors for the presence of ICAS, whereas aging, hypertension, and diabetes were factors for the cerebral arterial stenosis.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

Our objective of current study was to investigate the development of bone and heart in association with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM was induced by administering an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg) to 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored, and rats were sacrificed after 2 or 5 weeks. The left ventricle (LV), including the interventricular septum, was weighed, and body weight and tibial bone length were assessed. Young diabetic rats showed reduced growth in terms of tibial length and body weight compared to controls. Moreover, diabetic males showed more significant growth suppression and reduced LV size than diabetic females. Morphometric analysis of tibiae from diabetic rats revealed suppressed bone growth at 2 and 5 weeks, with no difference between genders. STZ-induced diabetes decreased bone growth and retarded pre-pubertal heart development. As a result, diabetes may increase cardiovascular risk factors and lead to eventual heart failure. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are required for diabetic children exhibiting growth retardation. Heart growth factor, exercise, and cardiopulmonary physical therapy may be required to promote heart development and physiological function.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.459-461
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• 2008

Much research evidence supports the hypothesis that chronic, low-grade inflammation related to innate immunity may play an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2; MIM# 600211) acts as a scaffold that controls the integration, organization, and assembly of nucleic acids. To examine whether the novel promoter variant in RUNX2 is associated with the risk of T2DM and related phenotypes, RUNX2-742G > T was genotyped in 378 T2DM patients and 382 normal controls recruited in the Korean T2DM Study. Statistical analysis revealed that RUNX2-742G > T was associated with serum triglyceride level (TG) in nondiabetic controls, although it was not associated with the risk of T2DM. Individuals who carry T/T, T/G, and G/G genotypes had the highest ($2.061{\pm}0.20$), intermediate ($2.01{\pm}0.19$), and the lowest ($1.97{\pm}0.18$) levels of log [TG (mmol/l)] (P = 0.007), respectively. Our data on this important variant of RUNX2 suggest that lipid metabolism might be affected by genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.499-508
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• 2010

Purpose: Cardiovascular risk factor modification is important for patients with coronary artery disease to prevent poor progression of the disease. Without an understanding and an awareness of risk factors, patients with coronary artery disease are not able to reduce their risk by the lifestyle modification. The aims of this study were to assess patient's awareness of risk factors and to identify predictors of awareness of risk factors. Methods: A descriptive correlational study using a cross-sectional survey method was performed. The sites of the study were three hospitals in Seoul, Korea. The sample consisted of 214 subjects. The awareness of risk factors and other subjects' characteristics were measured by a questionnaire developed for this study. Results: A range of subjects (gender: 72.0%; hyperlipidemia: 51.9%; hypertension: 40.7%; obese: 37.4%; age: 35.5%; smoking: 22.4%; diabetes: 19.2%; family history: 18.2%) were not able to accurately identify the risk factors. Among predictors, gender (${\beta}$=-.17) and diabetics (${\beta}$=-.25) had statistically significant influences on awareness of risk factors. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the lack of awareness of risk factors for coronary artery disease. The findings have important implications for nursing practice in terms of guiding educational strategies for the modification of risk factors for coronary heart disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2010

Resistance training (RT) is associated with reduced risk of low grade inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The majority of the data studying cytokines and exercise comes from endurance exercise. In contrast, evidence establishing a relationship between RT and inflammation is more limited. This review focuses on the cytokine responses both following an acute bout, and after chronic RT. In addition, the effect of RT on low grade systemic inflammation such as individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes is reviewed. Cytokines are secreted proteins that influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells and other organ systems. Cytokines function as intracellular signals and almost all cells in the body either secrete them or have cytokine receptors. Thus, understanding cytokine role in a specific physiological situation such as a bout of RT can be exceedingly complex. The overall effect of long term RT appears to ameliorate inflammation, but the specific effects on the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha are not clear, requiring further research. Furthermore, it is critical to differentiate between chronically and acute Interleukin-6 levels and its sources. The intensity of the RT and the characteristics of the training protocol may exert singular cytokine responses and as a result different adaptations to exercise. More research is needed in the area of RT in healthy populations, specifically sorting out gender and age RT acute responses. More importantly, studies are needed in obese individuals who are at high risk of developing low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases. Assuring adherence to the RT program is essential to get the benefits after overcoming the first acute RT responses. Hence RT could be an effective way to prevent, and delay low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.131-133
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• 1997

Number of elderly patients requiring nerve blocks have been increasing in recent years. We had two elderly patients who suffered stroke one day and three days after lumbar facet joint block and lumbar single epidural block respectively. Both patients due to their advanced age had potential risk factor to suffer one or more of the following; stroke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Due to our experience with these patients, we suggested the following: (1) Nerve blocks should be reconsidered for elderly patient who posesses a potential risk factor to suffer a stroke. (2) Prior to invasive block administration of mild sedatives or analgesics may provide beneficial effects for patients with hypertension. (3) Adequately informed consent must be fully discussed time of consultation with patient scheduled for nerve block especially for elderly and risky patient.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.234-240
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• 2012

The purpose of this case-control study is to investigate the relationship between storke and stroke risk factors, such as family history and past history. The case-control study over clinical data registered from Daejeon Oriental Medical Hospital in the period of November 2006 to July 2010. Study subjects consisted of 108 patients with acute stroke within 1 month as the case group (Cases) and 108 people who visited hospital for health care as the genreral control group (Controls). The participants had been interviewed by residents to find out their family history and past history. Their blood was taken to check the blood lipid level and liver function. 1. The people whose family history included cerebrovascular accident had more probability of stroke than the people who did not have cerebral vascular accident as their family history. 2. The people who suffered from hypertension had more probability of stroke than the people who did not suffer from hypertension. 3. The people who suffered from diabetes mellitus had more probability of stroke than the people who did not suffer from diabetes mellitus. Based on this study, the people who had cerebral vascular accident as their family history should thoroughly treat their blood pressure and blood sugar level to prevent the cerebral vascular accident.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.870-879
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• 2010

Objective : This study is about stroke risk factors which may differ between countries. Methods : We recruited 1725 ischemic stroke patients from multiple-centers. We analyzed stroke risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, depression, cardiac source, smoking, waist-to hip ratio, alcohol intake, physical activity, and psychosocial stress. We then compared risk factor results from other countries (the INTERSTROKE study) with this study. Results : 10 risk factors are related to stroke incidence. They were somewhat different between this study and the INTERSTROKE study. Conclusions : Hypertension is the most important risk factor of stroke, and other 9 risk factors also should be managed to prevent stroke incidence. Frequency of risk factors were different from the INTERSTROKE study. I think it could be partly due to differences of ethnicity and age. More studies are needed to describe characteristics of risk factors of Koreans.