• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.53-64
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• 2020

Purpose: With the emergence of high technology in China, online shopping distribution of fresh agricultural products have been developing rapidly. This study built a model to investigate how perceived quality of products and logistic services, perceived risk, and perceived cost affect intention to buy fresh agricultural products in an Internet environment. Especially, in the purchasing process, attitude may work as an important mediator. Research design, data and methodology: To achieve the objectives of this study, Chinese respondents were asked to fill in a questionnaire through the China online survey website. With 520 available data, regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results: Results indicate that perceived quality of fresh agriculture products and perceived logistics service quality have a significant positive impact on attitude and purchase intention. Results also reveal that perceived risk and perceived cost affect attitude and purchase intention negatively. Finally, results imply that attitude has a positive effect on purchase intention, which is the unique mediator in the online shopping process. Conclusions: This study suggests that managers in the online shopping distributions of fresh agricultural products should improve the quality of products and logistics services along with the reduction of the perceived risk and cost to compete in the China market.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2017

A water treatment utility in South Korea operates a large system of pressurized hollow fiber membrane (PHFM) modules. The optimal selection of membrane module for the full scale plant was critical issue and carried out using Risk-based Life Cycle Cost (RbLCC) analysis based on the historical data of operation and maintenance. The RbLCC analysis was used in the process of decision-making for replacing aged modules. The initial purchasing cost and the value at risk during operation were considered together. The failure of modules occurs stochastically depending on the physical deterioration with usage over time. The life span of module was used as a factor for the failure of Poisson's probability model, which was used to obtain the probability of failure during the operation. The RbLCC was calculated by combining the initial cost and the value at risk without its warranty term. Additionally, the properties of membrane were considered to select the optimum product. Results showed that the module's life span in the system was ten years (120 month) with safety factor. The optimum product was selected from six candidates membrane for a full scale water treatment facility. This method could be used to make the optimum and rational decision for the operation of membrane water purification facility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.76-84
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• 2021

Military aircraft R&D projects require large-scale investment in cost and time, and involve a complex coordination process in decision-making. The R&D project manager should determine the development management priorities as accurately as possible and focus on R&D capabilities, thereby reducing the risks of the aircraft R&D project. To this end, this study aims to reduce R&D risk by prioritizing cost, schedule, and performance, which are basic management factors used in R&D project management in defense project management regulations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied using a questionnaire for managers in charge of aviation R&D under the Defense Acquisition Program Administration. As a primary result, the importance of the factors that the aircraft R&D project manager should consider was derived in the order of performance, cost, and schedule, and the priorities of performance and cost in the lower layer were also identified. In addition, in order to provide practical risk management measures to aircraft R&D project managers, the results of analyzing 28 cases of US National Transportation Safety Board accidents were compared and analyzed with the AHP analysis results, and management measures suitable for the situation were specified.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

It is important to select a risk based priority area for environmental policy formation and decision-making. We estimated the health risks and associated damage costs from exposure to fine particles and assigned priority areas for twenty -five districts in Seoul. In order to estimate the theoretical mortality incidence of the health risk, baseline risks were estimated from mortality rates in two low level areas of fine particles, Seocho Gu and Cheju city To estimate the damage cost from the risk estimates, we investigated and estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for specific risk reduction. We assumed two different locations as the reference area, Cheju city as Scenario I and Seocho gu as Scenario II. From the results, the five districts, Kwangjin, Chungnang, Kangbuk, Nowon, and Kangnam, ranked high in the categories of both health risk and economic risk. Damage costs were over twenty billion won in each of these districts. As there are uncertainties in these results, the parameter values such as PM$_{2.5}$ level, dose -response slope factor, baseline risk, exposure population and WTP should be continuously validated and refined.d.

• Architectural research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

In recent years, interests and studies on the urban regeneration projects have been increased and largely conducted. It is a part of the effort that solves some social and economical problems occurred by deteriorated buildings and degraded infrastructures through new urban regeneration projects or redevelopment projects. However, the urban regeneration projects show the characteristics that can not guarantee in the project performance because the projects have various and complex stakeholders related to these projects and are exposed to lots of risks due to its huge scale. This study proposed the risk performance index method to improve the efficiency of the overall performance measurement for a mega-project by extending from the traditional cost/schedule based performance measurement system. The risk performance index method proposed in this study has a similar system to the EVMS, and makes possible to perform a three dimensional integrated performance measurement in cost/schedule/risk through 18 different indexes that compose the risk performance index.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.567-574
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• 2018

Risk management is a method to 1) identify risks that can adversely affect the cost, schedule, and target achievement performance of a system development project, and 2) manage the identified risks based on the severity and likelihood assigned to each risk item. Risk management is applicable to various fields, since it can manage the cost/schedule and effectively guides accomplishing the target performance by identifying and managing the risks in advance, which necessitates many concurrent studies. This paper proposes a procedure to estimate the severity value for a risk item using a Kalman filter. It is assumed that the severity can be expressed as an equation consisting of cost/schedule loss during the risk event. A linear Kalman filter is used to reduce the error between the true and estimated values, which can eventually save resources spent on the risk management procedure. A simulation test case was conducted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to derive the risk factors that occurred during the construction of the temporary aircraft runway and to analyse the risk costs and loss costs. For this purpose, actual construction data made during the construction of the aircraft runway were investigated. And the risk factors that occurred during the construction work were derived. So the increased construction costs and loss costs due to risk factors were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows: 1)The number of risk factors that occurred during the construction of the aircraft runway was derived from eight. 2)It was calculated that the total risk cost of 5.2million won, the risk cost of the owner's should be 243 million won and the cost of the contractor should be 277million won. 3)Owner's was up 2.36% from its planned budget and the contractor lost -277million won out of its planned profit of 443million won, resulting in a residual profit of 165million won. The results of the study are used as a reference for estimating risk factors and contingency that should be considered in aircraft runway construction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.413-427
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• 2006

It is necessary to study and develop guidelines for providing comfort and health indoor air quality for office workers since air-tight envelope system of current office building may cause poor indoor air quality. The purpose of this study is to propose guideline for volatile organic compounds in office base on the field study, human health risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. The field study was conducted to survey the concentrations of volatile organic compounds in indoor air of 69 offices from June to September, 2005 in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The rate of excess to guideline of volatile organic compounds in indoor air of new apartment on the Ministry of Environment in Korea(MOE) was surveyed 37.6% for benzene, 6.8% for toluene, and 1.5% for ethylbenzene. As the result of human health risk assessment, mean cancer risk did not exceed 10-6 which is guideline of US.EPA. Also, total hazard index did not exceed 1 which is guideline of US.EPA. Through the cost-benefit analysis of angle on the social-economics to verify the necessary to establish the standards of volatile organic compounds for improvement and development of indoor air quality in office, the present value of benefit was higher than the present value of cost. With the above considerations in mind, it is suggested that the field study for indoor air quality in offices should be expanded and human health risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis be performed th offer scientific data for decision-making of policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality in office.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2007

The construction environment has the trend of oversizing and professionalizing, the increase of the construction period, and the risk factors and the uncertain factors which are important in the construction bid. The misunderstanding and the lack of knowledge of the subcontractor result in the decrease of the profit or the deficit. In conclusion, these are supposed to give the financial burden to the subcontractor. So, it is very important to predict the construction preparation cost calculation by the risk factors in the bidding stage and to calculate the bid unit cost considering the target profit of the subcontractor in the process of the mutual agreement and performance of the contract. In these points of view, this study analyzes how the importance of the risks influencing the bidding cost calculation affect the construction cost, and this analysis can be used as the basic data to establish the suitable bid strategy of the subcontractor.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.367-391
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• 2013

After the Fukushima nuclear accident, the external costs of generating electricity from nuclear power plants such as additional safety compliance costs and possible accident risk action costs have gained increasing attention from the public, policy-makers and politicians. Consequently, estimates of the external costs of nuclear power are very deliberate issue that is at the center of the controversy in Korea. In this paper, we try to calculate the external costs associated with the safety of the nuclear power plants, particularly focusing on additional safety compliance costs and possible accident risk action costs. To estimate the possible accident risk action costs, we adopt the damages expectation approach that is very similar way from the external cost calculation of Japanese government after the Fukushima accident. In addition, to estimate additional safety compliance costs, we apply the levelized cost of generation method. Furthermore, we perform the sensitivity analysis to examine how much these social costs increase the electricity price rate. Estimation results of the additional security measure cost is 0.53Won/kWh ~ 0.80Won/kWh depending on the capacity factor, giving little change on the nuclear power generation cost. The estimates of possible accident risk action costs could be in the wide range depending on the different damages of the nuclear power accident, probability of the severe nuclear power accident and the capacity factor. The preliminary results show that it is 0.0025Won/kWh ~ 26.4188Won/kWh. After including those two external costs on the generation cost of a nuclear power plant, increasing rate of electricity price is 0.001%~10.0563% under the capacity factor from 70% to 90%. This paper tries to examine the external costs of nuclear power plants, so as to include it into the generation cost and the electricity price. This paper suggests one of the methodologies that we might internalize the nuclear power generations' external cost, including it into the internal generation cost.