• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.45-74
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• 2017

The current research proposes to fill a research gap by testing how reward uncertainty, different types of motivation, as well as individual risk-taking attitude affect consumers' promotion participation. Being offered with an uncertain reward, relative to individuals with extrinsic motivation, individuals with intrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. In contrast, being offered with a certain reward, relative to individuals with intrinsic motivation, individuals with extrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. This effect arises only among consumers having a low level of risk-taking attitude. For consumers having a high level of risk-taking attitude, their participation intention shows no significant difference between the two motivation type groups, under both certain and uncertain reward conditions. With an understanding of how consumer's response heterogeneously to promotions involving rewards, marketers can better understand not only how to use this promotional tactic more effectively, but also how to better allocate their budget for promotions.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

'선(先)편성 후(後)제작'이라는 한국의 독특한 방송외주체계로 인해 방송사와 제작사 모두 위험을 감수한다. 본 연구는 그간 저작권 귀속 논쟁과 다른 시각에서 저작권 계약에 따라 방송사와 제작사가 미래에 감당할 위험과 보상을 분석하여 계약의 공정성을 규명하려 한다. 광고, 해외 판매, 협찬과 간접광고, 부가판권, 제작비 등의 수익과 비용을 양 사는 어떻게 분배하는지 시장관행을 조사했고, 작품이 흥행에 성공했을 때와 아닐 때 각자의 수익과 지출을 예측했다. 분석결과 현행 저작권 계약 하에서 방송사는 상대적으로 낮은 위험에도 보상이 크고 제작사는 높은 위험에도 불구하고 보상이 적다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 불공정으로 보이는 계약은 수요가 적으나 공급이 많은 시장에서 발생하는 일반적인 현상이므로, 정부가 계약에 개입하는 것이 반드시 정당하다고 단정지울 수 없다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.645-653
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• 2016

Morphine is the most potent analgesic for chronic pain, but its clinical use has been limited by the opiate's innate tendency to produce tolerance, severe withdrawal symptoms and rewarding properties with a high risk of relapse. To understand the addictive properties of morphine, past studies have focused on relevant molecular and cellular changes in the brain, highlighting the functional roles of reward-related brain regions. Given the accumulated findings, a recent, emerging trend in morphine research is that of examining the dynamics of neuronal interactions in brain reward circuits under the influence of morphine action. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the roles of several reward circuits involved in morphine addiction based on pharmacological, molecular and physiological evidences.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.67-85
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• 2018

We propose a noise reduced risk aversion index for measuring risk aversion through a laboratory experiment to overcome disadvantages of the multiple pricing list format developed by Holt and Laury (2002). We use randomized multiple list choices with coarser classification and reward weighting, supplement the rank of risk aversion with extra individual characteristics of risk attitude, and construct an index of risk aversion by standardizing the risk aversion ranking with quantile normalization. Our method reduces multiple switching problems that noisy decision makers mistakenly commit in experimental approaches, so that it is free of the framing effect which severely occurred in the HL. Furthermore, the index doesn't utilize any specific utility function or probability weighting, which allows researcher to hold the independence axiom. Since our noise reduced index of risk aversion has many good traits, it is widely used and applied to reveal fundamental characteristics of risk-related behaviors in economics and finance regardless of experimental environment.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.41-79
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• 2011

본고는 은행 임원에 대한 주식기준 보상, 특히 스톡옵션과 은행의 위험추구 간의 관계를 이론적으로 검토하고, 국내 은행 자료를 이용하여 실증적으로 분석한다. 이론적으로 은행의 주주는 유한책임(limited liability)의 특성으로 인해 사회적 최적 수준보다 위험한 자산 포트폴리오를 선택할 가능성이 있다. 이는 포트폴리오의 범위 확대에 따른 기대수익 증가가 수익 변동성의 폭 증가보다 크지 않을 경우 발생한다. 이 경우 주주는 스톡옵션 형태의 성과보상을 통해 경영자의 위험추구를 유도할 수 있다. 이러한 이론적 예측과는 달리 국내 은행 자료를 이용한 실증분석 결과는 스톡옵션 부여가 위험추구를 유도한다는 가설을 지지하지 않았다. 은행 임원에게 부여한 스톡옵션은 가격기준 위험지표와 투자기준 위험지표 모두에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 미국에서의 선행연구 결과와는 상반된 것으로, 분석 자료가 포함하지 않는 형태의 보상이나 규제효과 등 국내 은행업의 특수성에 기인한 것으로 볼 수 있다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 2th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.106-118
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• 2007

Little attention has been focussed on a precise definition and evaluation mechanism for project management risk specifically related to contractors. When bidding, contractors traditionally price risks using unsystematic approaches. The high business failure rate our industry records may indicate that the current unsystematic mechanisms contractors use for building up contingencies may be inadequate. The reluctance of some contractors to include a price for risk in their tenders when bidding for work competitively may also not be a useful approach. Here, instead, we first define the meaning of contractor contingency, and then we develop a facile quantitative technique that contractors can use to estimate a price for project risk. This model will help contractors analyse their exposure to project risks; and also help them express the risk in monetary terms for management action. When bidding for work, they can decide how to allocate contingencies strategically in a way that balances risk and reward.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.338-343
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• 2013

Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as a delivery method fully capitalizes on an integrated project team that takes advantage of the knowledge of all team members to maximize project outcomes. IPD is currently the highest form of collaboration available because all three core project stakeholders, owner, designer and contractor, are aligned to the same purpose. Compared with traditional project delivery approaches such as Design-Bid-Build (DBB), Design-Build (DB), and CM at-Risk, IPD is distinguished in that it eliminates the adversarial nature of the business by encouraging transparency, open communication, honesty and collaboration among all project stakeholders. The team appropriately shares the project risk and reward. Sharing reward is easy, while it is hard to fairly share a failure. So the compensation structure and the contingency in IPD are very different from those in traditional delivery methods and they are expected to encourage motivation, inspiration and creativity of all project stakeholders to achieve project success. This paper investigates the compensation structure in IPD and provides a method to determine the proper level of contingency allocation to reduce the risk of cost overrun. It also proposes a method in which contingency could be used as a functional monetary incentive when established to produce the desired level of collaboration in IPD. Based on the compensation structure scenario discovered, a probabilistic contingency calculation model was created by evaluating the random nature of changes and various risk drivers. The model can be used by the IPD team to forecast the probability of the cost overrun and equip the IPD team with confidence to really enjoy the benefits of collaborative team work.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.4-13
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• 2017

The seeds of addiction are typically sown years prior to the onset of addictive substance use or engagement in addictive behaviors, due to the priming of the reward pathway (RewP) by alterations in the mechanism of stress-signaling from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and related pathways. Excessive stress from a single-event and/or cumulative life experiences during childhood, such as those documented in the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, is translated into neurobiological toxicity that alters the set-point of the HPA axis and limbic system homeostasis [suggested new term: regulation pathway (RegP)]. The resultant alteration of the RegP not only increases the risk for psychiatric and physical illness, but also that for early onset and chronic addictions by dysregulating the RewP. This paper reviews the interface of these symbiotic pathways that result in the phenotypic pathology of emotional dysregulation, cognitive impairment, and compulsive behaviors, as well as morbidity and shorter life expectancy when dysregulated by chronic stress.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.500-504
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• 2009

전통적인 소프트웨어 공학 관점에서 소프트웨어의 비 기능적 요구사항 중 하나인 신뢰성은, 소프트웨어 개발 프로세스에서 마지막 단계인 통합 테스트 이후에 검증이 가능하다. 그러나 이것은 소프트웨어 개발에 있어서 많은 위험성과 개발 비용을 발생시킨다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어 개발 초기 단계에서 수학적인 분석 모델을 통해 신뢰성을 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 소프트웨어의 신뢰성분석을 위하여 본 논문에서는 다음 두 가지를 제안한다. 첫째로, 계층형 큐잉 패트리넷을 이용하여 신뢰성 분석을 위한 소프트웨어 모델링 방법론을 제안한다. 둘째로, 완성된 계층형 큐잉 패트리넷 모델로부터 신뢰성 분석을 위한 마코프 리워드 모델(Markov Reward Model)을 유도해내는 방법에 관하여 제안한다. 본 논문의 유효성을 검증하기 위하여, 화상회의 시스템 개발사례에 적용하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 소프트웨어 신뢰성의 정량적인 분석이 가능하다.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Purpose: This study conducted an empirical study to estimate the loss aversion rate of individual investors in the Seoul condominium market. Research design, data and methodology: A survey was conducted with Seoul residents ranging from 30's to 60's with various backgrounds. Descriptive statistical analysis and a paired sample t-test were conducted using SPSS 27.0 statistical package. Results: The results of the t-test showed that Seoul residents are indeed more sensitive to loss than gains, as pointed out in various researches related to behavioral economics. Also, the loss aversion rate associated with KRW 50 million risk was found to be 2.14. Finally, the same question was asked with KRW 100 million risk, doubled associated risk of previous question, using the same scenario, and it's been verified that the loss aversion rate increases as the associated risk or stake increases. The loss aversion rate with double risk is 2.26 which is about 5% higher than the one with KRW 50 million risk. Conclusions: This study can help many groups of people in society who need to establish rewards and punishment policies within any organization. In particular, incorporating human cognitive biases, such as loss aversion can help the South Korean government shape more effective reward and punishment policies when building rewards and punishments using taxes.