• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.255-276
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• 2014

The dispute between China and Japan regarding $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$ is believed to be quite similar to the controversy surrounding Dokdo in terms of historical and post-war processes except for the point that the phenomena of occupation is different with regard to Dokdo. China's claim to $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$ is based on historical title and continuous use while the basis of Japan's claim is summarized as preoccupancy of ownerless land. Even though Japan acknowledges that China discovered $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$, Japan claims that the act to establish sovereignty over the island from the standpoint of International Law was not taken by China. However, at that time, effective occupation was not an essential prerequisite for the acquisition of a territory. That is to say, from a legal perspective, the legal right for an area could be established based on the discovery of the land, and so it is thought that Japan is applying the current criteria of International Law in a manner that is inappropriate. When we review the post-war process, the San Francisco Peace Treaty does not directly mention $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$. But based on the said treaty, we can note that Japan gave up all rights for the southern area that is north of the boundary line that equates to latitude $29^{\circ}$ and that includes the Ryuku Islands and $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$. Of course, the provisions for the territory in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and its disposal are not the final factor for the judgment regarding dominium of $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$. However, it seems clear that Japan's attitude and interpretation regarding the issues of $Di\grave{a}oy\acute{u}t\acute{a}i$, the Kuril Islands and Dokdo is problematic.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.89-92
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• 2014

Myiasis is usually caused by flies of the Calliphoridae family, and Cochliomyia hominivorax is the etiological agent most frequently found in myiasis. The first case of myiasis in a diabetic foot of a 54-year-old male patient in Argentina is reported. The patient attended the hospital of the capital city of Tucum$\acute{a} $n Province for a consultation concerning an ulcer in his right foot, where the larval specimens were found. The identification of the immature larvae was based on their morphological characters, such as the cylindrical, segmented, white yellow-coloured body and tracheas with strong pigmentation. The larvae were removed, and the patient was treated with antibiotics. The larvae were reared until the adults were obtained. The adults were identified by the setose basal vein in the upper surface of the wing, denuded lower surface of the wing, short and reduced palps, and parafrontalia with black hairs outside the front row of setae. The main factor that favoured the development of myiasis is due to diabetes, which caused a loss of sensibility in the limb that resulted in late consultation. Moreover, the poor personal hygiene attracted the flies, and the foul-smelling discharge from the wound favoured the female's oviposition. There is a need to implement a program for prevention of myiasis, in which the population is made aware not only of the importance of good personal hygiene and home sanitation but also of the degree of implication of flies in the occurrence and development of this disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 1997

Though myocardial perfusion was usually expected to improve after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) surgery, some myocardial segments were aggravated after operation, as we compared perfusion changes on postoperative SPECT with preoperative ones. In this study, we evaluated perfusion changes after operation in rest and stress myocardial SPECT in 44 patients (M:F=25:19, age 57.1 $year{\pm}8.2$) who had CABG before and 3 months after operation. We tried to find out possible causes for perfusion aggravation with multivariate logistic regression analysis regarding whether bypass graft was artery or vein and which coronary artery territory was operated. Among 616 myocardial segments which were operated, 89(14.4%) aggravated after operation. In the univariate analysis, myocardial segments in the left circumflex arteries(LCx) aggravated more often(p<0.01) than others and segments having operative angioplasty did less often(p<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that LCx was risk factor for perfusion aggravation [odds ratio=2.54 (95% confidence interval : 1.53-4.22, p<0.01)]. However, this was not the case when we analysed in terms of arterial territories. Among 106 coronary arterial territories which were operated, 27(25.5%) aggravated. The territories having aggravated had similar characteristics regarding whether they received arterial or venous grafts, angioplasty and whether the operated territories were left anterior descending, right coronary or left circumflex arteries. In conclusion, myocardial segments in the left circumflex artery tended to aggravate more often after bypass surgery than the others. In short-term comparison of perfusion after surgery, we could not find any tendency that arterial or venous graft was associated with more frequency of the aggravation of perfusion after operation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.187-187
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• 2009

Opening of fractures induced by shear dilation or normal deformation can be a significant source of fracture permeability change in fractured rock, which is important for the performance assessment of geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. As the repository generates heat and later cools the fluid-carrying ability of the rocks becomes a dynamic variable during the lifespan of the repository. Heating causes expansion of the rock close to the repository and, at the same time, contraction close to the surface. During the cooling phase of the repository, the opposite takes place. Heating and cooling together with the, virgin stress can induce shear dilation of fractures and deformation zones and change the flow field around the repository. The objectives of this work are to examine the contribution of thermal stress to the shear slip of fracture in mid- and far-field around a KBS-3 type of repository and to investigate the effect of evolution of stress on the rock mass permeability. In the first part of this study, zones of fracture shear slip were examined by conducting a three-dimensional, thermo-mechanical analysis of a spent fuel repository model in the size of 2 km $\times$ 2 km $\times$ 800 m. Stress evolutions of importance for fracture shear slip are: (1) comparatively high horizontal compressive thermal stress at the repository level, (2) generation of vertical tensile thermal stress right above the repository, (3) horizontal tensile stress near the surface, which can induce tensile failure, and generation of shear stresses at the comers of the repository. In the second part of the study, fracture data from Forsmark, Sweden is used to establish fracture network models (DFN). Stress paths obtained from the thermo-mechanical analysis were used as boundary conditions in DFN-DEM (Discrete Element Method) analysis of six DFN models at the repository level. Increases of permeability up to a factor of four were observed during thermal loading history and shear dilation of fractures was not recovered after cooling of the repository. An understanding of the stress path and potential areas of slip induced shear dilation and related permeability changes during the lifetime of a repository for spent nuclear fuel is of utmost importance for analysing long-term safety. The result of this study will assist in identifying critical areas around a repository where fracture shear slip is likely to develop. The presentation also includes a brief introduction to the ongoing site investigation on two candidate sites for geological repository in Sweden.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.1 s.37
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• pp.26-33
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• 1992

The carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes. The typical symptoms are pain, numbness and paresthesia in the median nerve territory of the hand. Recently, it is widely recognized that occupational factor is regarded as the important cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical study is performed in the 42 female workers who is repetitively working at packing department in a rayon manufacturing factory from November 1991 till March 1992. The study included a questionnaire, physical examinations, and the neurophysiological test. The summary of the results obtained was as follows : 1. Among 42 packing workers, 9 workers(21.4%) were diagnosed as carpal tunnel syndrome by electromyography. The affected side was bilateral in 4 workers(9.5%), right in 4 workers(9.5%), and left in one worker(2.4%). 2. Among 42 subjects, 28 workers(66.7%) complained the clinical symptoms related to carpal tunnel syndrome, 11 workers(26.2%) showed positive Phalen sign, and 7 workers(16.7%) showed positive Tinel sign. 3. Researchers regard electromyographic finding as the gold standard for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. The sensitivity and specificity of the clinical symptoms to diagnose the carpal tunnel syndrome were 0.89, 0.39 respectively. If the carpal tunnel syndrome is diagnosed by the combination of the positive findings of the symptoms and the physical examinations, either Tinel or Phalen sign, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.67 and 0.76 respectively. Considering above results, though this small number of workers is not adequate for epidemiologic conclusions, carpal tunnel syndrome seems to be an important occupational disorder among packing workers in a rayon manufacturing factory.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.57-91
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• 2012

This paper investigates determinants of litigation success in the two distinctive types of patent litigations, ex-parte and inter-parte cases, which are brought in the process where a filed application becomes a valid patent right. We regress winning rates of patent applicants on the characteristics of firms, trials, patent lawyer, and patent itself, using a probit model with sample selections. The paper finds that the relative suit rate of a firm, time to be sued, changes of patent agents by applicants, and multiple agents among explanatory variables affect ex-parte reexamination and in-parte post-grant patent trials differently in the point of average marginal effects. These variables lower the probability of applicant's victory in the ex-parte cases, while they raise the probability in the inter-parte trials. However, the experience that agents represent applicants is a winning rate-increasing factor both in inter-parte and ex-parte reexamination, unexpectedly. This result cannot be applied to the entire domain of the variable, since sample selection effects are reflected in the result. The number of claim increases the winning probability of the applicant in the both types of patent litigations. This study has some limitations because it ignores the information on the legal person to which a patent agent belongs, and confined agent's experience to patent filing. We leave it future studies to investigate the effects of lawsuit experience of patent agent, and those of characteristics of the law firm to which individual patent lawyer is affiliated.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.242-254
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• 2010

Streams changed by artificial factor those support positive functions but also negative function to humanbeing. Time and pathway exceed the lost of structure and negative function appearing as disturbance. Therefore, it is desirable to prepare right situation to break of a vicious circle. Stream ecology was evaluated with using ichthyofauna during three years at the three disturbed sites and reference sites in Nakdong River. Forty-one species belonging three orders and ten families were identified in six surveying sites of Nakdong River during 2007~2009. Korean endemic species (14 species, 34.1%) and alien (3 species, 7.3%) were identified in Nakdong River ichthyofauna. Species number, species diversity, ecosystem structure and habitat variability of ecosystem were applied to evaluate stream ecosystem. In view of three year comprehended data at six sites; numeric instability appeared Andong Dam and Naeseongcheon sites worse than Gamcheon and reference site, otherwise more numeric diversity appeared Gamcheon and reference site than Andong Dam and Naeseongcheon. As a result of integration, sand stream including downstream of Andong dam, Naeseongcheon and Gamcheon has been having more diversified biodiversity and habitat diversity than those in the pebble stream.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 2015

Since changes in land use in urban space cause traffic volume and it is closely related to traffic accidents. Therefore, an analysis on the causes of traffic accidents is judged to be an essential factor to establish the measure to reduce traffic accidents. In this regard, the analysis was conducted on the clustering by using the nearest neighbor indexes with regard to the occurrence frequencies of commercial and residential zone based on traffic accident data of the past five years (2009-2013) with the target of local small-medium sized city, Jinju-si. The analysis results, obtained in this study, are as follows: the occurrence frequency of traffic accidents was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter respectively. The clustering of traffic accident occurrence at nighttime was stronger than at daytime. In addition, terms of the analysis on the clustering of traffic accident according to land use, changes according to the seasons was not significant in commercial areas, while clustering density in winter tended to become significantly lower in residential areas. The analysis results of traffic accident types showed that the side-right angle collision of cars was the highest in frequency occurrence, and widespread in both commercial areas and residential areas. These results can provide us with important information to identify the occurrence pattern of traffic accidents in the structure of urban space, and it is expected that they will be appropriately utilized to establish measures to reduce traffic accidents.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2006

Purpose:Maxillay sinus grafting is an effective treatment procedure to improve bone height in the posterior maxillar area for implant installation. Beta-tricalciumphosphate(${\beta}$-TCP) was introduced to be grafting substitute material, providing a reasonable bio-degradation time, no need for harvesting procedure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate bone healing & regeneration phase using histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. Material & Methods:Sixteen rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Bi-lateral maxillary sinus membranes were elevated at each rabbits, ${\beta}$-TCP was augmented in left sinus, autogenous bone was augmented in right sinus. The rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. We investigated the bone regeneration & growth factor expression. Results: 1. The mean new bone volume formation was 28.99${\pm}$6.55%, 49.54${\pm}$5.47%, 69.09${\pm}$8.90% in autogenous grafted area, and 22.86${\pm}$5.56%, 24.00${\pm}$4.09%, 34.11${\pm}$3.37% in ${\beta}$-TCP area at 4, 8, 12 weeks. Therefore, new bone formation in autogenous bone was significantly higher than ${\beta}$-TCP (p<0.05). 2. The BMP 2/4 expression in autogenous bone grafted area was higher at 4, 8 weeks. 3. There was no difference in expression pattern of BMP-7/PDGF/VEGF during grafted bone regeneration. Conclusion:The authors we conclude that the autogenous bone graft was faster than ${\beta}$-TCP in bone regeneration, and the BMP 2/4 were more important in graft bone regeneration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Joing Mobilization and Group back Pain Exercise Program on the disability level and the pain of flexibility and the back muscle strength in the hearing impairment patients with Low back pain. Methods : The subjects of this study were 12 patients, 8 males and females. They visited clinic for physical treatment within 6 months after onset of low back pain. One group was applied with Joing Mobilization and other group was with Group back Pain Exercise Program. The patient were treated special program 3 times session weekly. And treatment 2 times session was 15min with physiotherapy weekly. The muscle strength was measured by Cybex 660, the level of disability by Oswestry low back pain disability scale, the intensity of pain by visual analogue scale (VAS). The data was analysed by paired T-test and independent T-test. Results : The results of this study were summarized as follow : 1. The Oswestry disability score of experimental and control group were significantly decreased and there was no difference in the Oswestry disability score change between joint mobilization group and back pain exercise group. 2. The pains in anterior, postrior, lift lateral and right lateral bending and in rotation of back pain exercise group were significantly increased compared with those of joint mobilization group. 3. The flexors and extensors peak torque of back pain exercise group were significantly increased at test velocities $30^{\circ}$/sec, $60^{\circ}$/sec compared with those of the joint mobilization group. There was no significant difference in extensors and flexors peak torque at $30^{\circ}$/sec, $60^{\circ}$/sec between two group. The results showed that the back pain exercise group were effective in decreasing disability score and pain of trunk activity, increasing trunk extension and flexion peak torque. Conclusion : It is suggested theat the back pain exercise program could be an essential factor for the effective intervension to the hearing impairment patients suffere from low back pain.