• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.176-179
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• 1996

Media development of Pleurotus ostreatus were analyzed to recognize the compositional differences depending on rice straw and waste cotton stuff media. Yields of add the rice bran 20% to the waste cotton stuff were increment 11% as compared with rice straw media. Crude protein of products to the waste cotton stuff media on Pleurotus ostreatus was a much and crude ash was less than of rice straw media. Glutamic acid was most and cystine was lowest among the amino acids of Pleurotus ostreatus. Total amino acids and essential amino acids of waste cotton stuff were much than of rice straw media.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

The objective of the research was to describe the effect of straw mat cover and soil amendments on the reduction of runoff and non-point source load from steep sloped highland agricultural fields. Four $5{\times}30$ m plots on sandy loam soil with 28 % slope were prepared. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mat cover (3,000 kg/ha) (S), PAM (5 kg/ha)+Gypsum (1 ton/ha) (PG) and rice straw mat cover+PAM+Gypsum (SPG). A variety of lettuce was cultivated and runoff was monitored during a growing season in 2011. Natural monitoring was conducted to three times. Runoff rate of S, PG and SPG plots were significantly lower than those of control plot. Especially, the runoff rate is zero in SPG plot at a first rainfall events. The reduction rate of runoff from the S, PG and SPG plots was 30.8 %, 29.0 % and 81.8 % compared to control plots, respectively. The reduction rate of NPS pollution load of S, PG and SPG was ranged of 50~90 %, 30~70 % and 90~100 %, respectively. Yield of lettuce from S, PG and SPG plots was respectively 400 (567 kg/ha), 320 (453 kg/ha) and 760 (1,067 kg/ha) that of compared to control plots greater than that from control plots (140 kg/ha). We speculated that the experimental treated plots could hold more nutrients and moisture than the control and helped the crop grow healthier. When analyzing the above results, in terms of reduction of runoff and NPS pollution load and crop yields, SPG experimental treatment had the best effect. It was concluded that the use of rice straw mats cover and soil amendments on soil surface could not only reduce the NPS pollution loads in receiving waters but also help increase the crop yield.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1991

A laboratory column experiment was conducted to learn the desalinization effect of rice straw, fresh or predecayed in limed marine soil, compared with gypsum. One third of Ca equivalent to indigenous Na plus Mg of the soil was applied to the top 10g out of 80g of total column soil, mixing one half of it to the top soil and the rest spreading on the surface. 1. Pre-decaying of rice straw in limed marine soil promoted the permeability of column soil. but showed a less effectiveness in desalinization of sodium than lime alone or lime plus fresh rice straw treatemenents. 2. Gypsum and calcium carbonate treatments without rice straw fixed Mg in the limed top soil and washed it down disolving more from the layer immediatly be low the treated top soil But the treatment of calcium carbonate and rice straw both together washed out Mg more from lower layers than the upper's, showing only physical desalinization. 3. The desalinization of Na was also severe in the layer immediately below the $CaSO_4$ treated top soil, leauing more Na ilo the top soil, which seemed to be attributed to the peptisation of the top soil and retard peptisation of desalinization when washed the soil applying not enough amount or non of gypsum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

Multivariate statistical procedures were used to analyse data on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of four varienties of rice straw after treatment with 4% NaOH solution, 4% urea solution or distilled water (control) for 48 hours. For each treatment, stepwise discriminant analysis identified the variables which maximized differences between varieties and the eigenvectors from principal component analysis quantified the contribution of these criterion variables to varietal differences. The overall response of varieties to chemical treatment was demonstrated qualitatively, by cluster analysis, and quantitatively, from the magnitude of the principal component scores. The analysis revealed that the urea and control treatments elicited the same response whereas NaOH had the greatest effect on the poorest straw variety. Similar analyses conducted on the botanical fractions of the varieties showed that the relative response of the inflorescence, stem, leaf blade and leaf sheath fractions was not altered by chemical treatment.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.52-57
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• 2010

Fire protection countermeasure were considered on the straw thatched roof and wooden structure. For the fire resistant treatment, rice straw was soaked in the fire resistant liquid with different soaking time. After treatment, some rice straw sample was washed with water then the rice straws were tested to check the fire resistance performance. And the wood was soaked in the fire resistant liquid at an atmospheric pressure, vacuum-pressure condition and painted with brush on the surface. To analyse the fire resistant performance of rice straw, ignition delay time was measured under the radiant heat flux of cone heater. And the fire resistant performance of wood samples were tested with 45 degree fire resistant test apparatus and cone heater. Based on the cone heater test, the rice straw which most easily ignitable material shows the longer ignition delay time than not treated ones and even in the water washed straw show a longer ignition delay time than not treated ones. And fire resistant treated woods of vacuum-pressure treated sample showed the most excellent performance on fire resistance. And the fire resistant treated by brush and soaking showed a longer ignition delay time than not treated ones. From this experiment, it was found that a fire resistant treatment of rice straw and wood of the house can be protected from the fire spread.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.904-907
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• 1999

The experiment was aimed at studying the effect of ruminal $NH_3-N$ levels on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, urinary purine derivative excretion, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Five, 3 to 4 years old, rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design to rceive five different intraruminal infusions of $NH_4HCO_3$ (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g/d) on a continuous daily basis. Rice straw as a roughage was offered ad libitum while concentrate was given at 0.8% BW daily. The results were that as levels of $NH_4HCO_3$ increased, ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentrations increased from 7.1 to 34.4 mg%. The highest digestibility and voluntary straw intakes were found at 13.6 to 17.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$ levels; straw intake was highest at 13.6 mg%. Total bacterial and protozoal counts linearly increased as the ruminal $NH_3-N$ increased and were highest at 17.6 mg%. Total urinary purine derivatives and allantoin excretion were highest (44.0, 37.4 mM/d) at 17.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$. Highest total VFAs (115 mM) were obtained a 13.6 mg% ruminal $NH_3-N$ while blood urea nitrogen significantly increased as ruminal $NH_3-N$ increased. The results from this experiment suggest that optimum ruminal $NH_3-N$ in swamp buffaloes is higher than 13.6 mg%, for improving rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and straw intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.291-300
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• 1993

The agronomic, morphologic and nutritive measurements were determined for ten varieties of the early-, medium- and late- maturing rice from five types of soil in south of China. The results are shown that (1) The higher contents of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HC) and lignin (LIG), but lower crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent solubles (NDS) contents were noted for the whole plant of rice straw during maturation; (2) As far as the feed nutritive value, segments (S) is highest, then leaf blades (LB), leaf sheaths (LS) lowest. However, LB and LS are constituted about 75% of whole plant, the nutritive value of rice straw is depended upon the nutritive quality of LB and LS; (3) The dry matter disappearances (DMD) values of different spots of rice straw are different, the eary-maturing highest, then the medium; the late- lowest; (4) The DMD value of different fractions is different, S highest, then LB, LS lowest; (5) The different retention time in rumen, the DMD value of rice straw is different. As time following, the DMD value increased gradually, during 48-72 h, the DMD value achieves close to highest; (6) The grain yield (r = -0.91), plant height (r = -0.87) and full-filling grain percent (r = -0.75) are correlated negatively with DMD value, but the leaf/stem (r = 0.59) and the proportion of stem (r = 0.58) are correlated positively with DMD value. The relations between chemical compositions and DMD value are: Early-: DMD = 7.372 + 0.055 DM - 0.532 CP - 2.487 NDF + 1.143 ADF + 0.214 CEL + 1.456 HC + 0.718 LIG (r = 0.61). Medium-: DMD = 333.927 + 2.026 DM - 0.224 CP - 4.602 NDF + 4.524 ADF + 0.149 CEL + 2.923 HC + 0.035 LIG (r = 0.79). Late-: DMD = 133.284 + 0.282 DM - 3.455 CP - 22.185 NDF + 24.267 ADF + 0.316 CEL - 23.288 HC + 0.945 LIG (r = 0.79). Therefore, it is possible to predict the nutritive value of rice straw on the basis of the agronomic, morphologic measurements and chemical compositions and the relationship with DMD value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2008

Measurement of gas produced during in vitro fermentation was used to investigate the fermentation characteristics and interactions of rice straw, wheat straw or maize stover mixed with alfalfa or clover at proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, respectively. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 h of incubation, and the Gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of gas production. In vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearances (IVDMD and IVOMD) were determined after 48 h incubation. The rate of gas production of clover was higher (p<0.05) than that of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover and alfalfa when straws and hays were incubated separately. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in the straw-alfalfa mixtures increased (p<0.05) the rates, but not the maximum volume of gas production. However, both rate and the maximum volume of gas production were increased (p<0.01) as the proportions of clover increased in the straw-clover mixtures. The cumulative gas production at 48 h, IVDMD and IVOMD showed no consistent interaction effects between different mixtures of cereal straws and hays. The extent of interactive effects was affected by the types of cereal straw, legume hay and their proportions in the mixture. The appropriate combination for the mixture of rice straw or maize stover with leguminous hays was 75:25 and 25:75, respectively. The better combination occurred at a proportion of 50:50 for the mixture of wheat straw and alfalfa. We conclude that the suitable proportion of low-quality straw and high quality legume hay combination should be considered in the ration formulation system of ruminants according to the extent of positive interactive effects.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 1981

This study was performed to examine the cultivation of Pleurotus florida that forms pinhead between 5 and $25^{\circ}C$, on rice straw substrates in Korea. The highest yield of P. florida sporophores was obtained from the fermented rice straw substrates added 5% rice bran to the rice straw by dry weight basis at the starting of fermentation. The pile turning of materials for uniform fermenting was made three times when the temperature of the pile reached $60^{\circ}C$ during out door composting. The $60^{\circ}C$ row steam was treated 6 hrs for pasterization of the substrates in the cultivating house. The quantity of spawn affected the mycelial growth and the yield of P. florida. The optimum amount of spawn was 10% to the rice straw by dry weight basis mixed with the substrates. P. florida produced normal sphorophores from September to middle of July of the following year.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.226-226
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• 2017

This study was to evaluate methods to high quality food ramie rice cake, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different covering material on stable winter survival management with edible leaf in Ramie(Boehmeria nivea L.). The method of winter survival with covering material were conducted under three condition compose to Non covering, Rice straw cutting covered with 500kg.10a-1, Rice husks covered with 1,000kg.10a-1(covered 4~5 cm thickness in the soil surface). Method of application were standard application(N-P-K-Compost applied at 27-9-27-600kg.10a-1. Compost and fused phosphate applied at 100% of basal fertilizer in March 25. 20% of top dressing were four times application in March 25 - October 5. Planting year were March 15, 2011. Plants were spaced 60 cm apart in rows 25 cm apart with open cultivation. According to non covering < Rice husks covered with 1,000kg.10a-1 < Rice straw cutting covered with 500kg.10a-1 cultivation this order, aerial part as a result were plenty amount of growth. Sprout time and winter survival rates was uncovering control plot compared to 2 - 5 days quickly, 45-57% highly by rice husks and rice straw covering. Green leaf yields is untreated control plot (12,44 kg.10a-1) compared to rice husks covering 7% higher, and rice straw covering increased to 18% of the most.