• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.74-78
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to select suitable organic matter in To-jik nursery (self soil nursery) for complement To-jik nursery's defects that are deterioration of raw material by poor quality of seed ginseng and reduction of the quantity in seed ginseng production. Organic matter used were Yacto, rice bean, defatted rice bran, soybean cake and their mixture. As follows, bulk density in soil physical property by treating organic composts was the greatest in soybean cake and the next was followed by mix, Yacto, defatted rice bran, and rice bran treatment in order. Soil pore space ratio was totally the opposite; that was rice bran the first and followed by defatted rice bran, Yacto, mix and soybean cake treatment. The incidence rate of damping off by treating organic composts was 1.5% in both soybean cake and mix while the others was 1.0%. Emergence time was the same among treatment on April 16 and Emergence rate was the highest at 73% in Yacto. There was no significant differences among treatment in the growth of aboveground part but it was a little better in defatted rice bran treatment. In Yacto treatment, the growth of underground part, total root number per kan, rate of first grade ginseng seedling, and rate of usable ginseng seedling etc. were entirely higher but there was little differences. Using defatted rice bran was slightly lower in productivity compared to Yacto, but the possibility was high as a alternative for Yacto in a view of managing cost down.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1987

This study was performed to develop a hot water boiler system with small scale automatic rice hull furnace for the multi-purpose use in the farm. For the experiment a prototype hot water boiler system with rice hull furnace was fabricated, which was equipped with automatic hull feeder, igniter and ash removal device. Optimum operational conditions of the prototype: system were analyzed. The results arc summarized as follows. 1. The temperature measured right above the burning surface should be higher than $500^{\circ}C$ combustion. 2. The top zone of the combustion chamber was the most suitable location of the thermocouple to pick up the control temperature for the automatic operation of the rice hull furnace. 3. The content of carbon monoxide in the flue gas was increased with the filling height of burning material but it was less than 0.3 percent in volume in this experiment. When the filling height was expressed as the ratio of rice hull feed rate to the volume of the combustion chamber above the burning surface, the optimum ratio was about $150kg/m^3-h$. 4. The combustion efficiency of the prototype was higher than 95 percent when the feed rate was 1.1 to 2.3 kg/h and moisture content of rice hull was 22.4 percent (w.b.) or less. 5. It was estimated that the optimum operational conditions of the system were 1.3 to 2.0 kg/h in feed rate, 70 to 100 percent in excess air and 500 to $510^{\circ}C$ in control temperature. 6. The efficiency of coil heal exchanger increased with a decrease in feed rate of rice hull. When the rice hull feed rates were 1.1, 1.7 and 2.3 kg/h, the efficiencies of coil heat exchanger were about 34, 30 and 25 percent and heat transfer rates were 5.7, 7.6 and 8.8 MJ/h, respectively. When the flat plate heat exchanger was used in addition to the coil heat exchanger, the efficiency of the heat exchanger system increased to 48 percent.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2003

논에 볏짚과 볏짚퇴비를 시용하고 상시담수와 간단관개로 관리하면서 벼가 심긴 chamber와 벼가 심겨지지 않은 chamber에서 메탄으로 전환되는 정도를 조사하였다. 벼가 심긴 chamber에서는 상시담수에서 메탄 전환율은 시용한 유기물의 신선도에 따라서 증가하였다. 볏짚을 5월에 시용한 처리 (RS5), 볏짚을 2월에 시용한 처리 (RS2), 볏짚퇴비를 5월에 시용한 처리 (RSC)에서 전환율이 각기 14.9%, 9.5%, 4.0%였었다. 범위는 4.0% ~ 14,9 %, 평균은 9.5%였었다. 간단관개에서 전환율도 유사한 경향이었다. 간단관개한 RS5 처리, RS2 처리, RSC 처리에서 메탄으로 전환율을 각기 9.8%, 5.5%, 2.1%였었다. 범위는 2.1% ~ 9.8%, 평균은 5.8%였었다. 벼를 심은 chamber에서 상시담수에서 메탄으로 전환율은 간단관개에서 보다 1.64배 높았다. 벼를 심지 않은 chamber에서 상시담수에서 메탄 전환율은 시용한 유기물의 신선도에 따라서 증가하였다. RS5 처리 RS2 처리 RSC 처리에서 전환율이 각기 8.7%, 3.3%, 3.0%였었다. 범위는 3.0% ~ 8.7%, 평균은 5.0%였었다. 간단관개에서 전환율도 유사한 경향이었다. 간단관개한 RS5 처리, RS2 처리. RSC 처리에서 메탄 전환율을 각기 5.4%, 3.0%, 1.4 %였었다. 범위는 1.4% ~ 5.4%, 평균은 3.3%였었다. 벼를 심은 chamber에서 상시담수에서 메탄 전환율은 간단관개에서 보다 1.52배 높았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2013

The excessive and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers in the past has brought serious soil and other environmental problems so alternatives over this agrochemical are being searched. Our study focuses on the effects of expanded rice hull inoculated with selected beneficial microorganisms on growth (through agronomic characters), yield and yield components, and grain quality indices of rice. Results showed that favorable effects of different expanded rice hull preparations were not readily apparent at vegetative stage and only treatments with supplemental chemical fertilizer application were comparable with the conventional practice. Expanded rice hull combined with 50% rate of chemical fertilizer exhibited a significantly higher yield (6,471 kg $ha^{-1}$) over conventional practice (5,719 kg $ha^{-1}$). Good milling quality indices were observed in treatments having 50% chemical fertilizers plus alternatives from expanded rice hull. Finally, we demonstrated that chemical fertilizer rate can potentially be reduced into 50% if combined with expanded rice hull, and show even better output than chemical fertilizer alone.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2007

The special project was conducted at the cooperative farm where located at Yakjeon-ri Sukcheon-gun Pyeongannam-do, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. This farm was firstly introduced a newly developed technology-"Bokto seeding technology" for rice cultivation from the Republic of Korea. Total acreage of rice paddy field cultivated by this technology was 800ha and the average yield was 7.17t/ha with paddy rice which was higher by 109.2% than that of the transplanting method for rice cultivation. In general rice disease was decreased at the Bokto seeded rice plant compared to the transplanted rice plant and root activity was higher in Bokto seeded rice. Optimum seeding amount was determined at rate of 90kg/ha in Pyeongdo 5(early ripening variety) and 110kg/ha at Pyeongdo 11(medium ripening variety) and Pyeongyang 43(late ripening variety), respectively. A recommended sowing time was within late April for late ripening variety like Pyeongyang 43, May 1-5 for medium ripening variety, and May 5-15 for early ripening variety.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.381-390
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• 2002

Direct seeding of rice-seed pellets is expected to be an alternative for solving problems in current direct seeding cultivation of rice. but mass production of rice-seed pellets is prerequisite for practical application. Design. construction and performance evaluation of an experimental rice seed pelleting machine were carried out for mass production of rice-seed pellets. The pelleting machine intended to make a ball type rice-seed pellet, which have 3∼5 rice seeds and diameter of which is 12 mm. Pellet materials ; rice seeds, soil, and binder were mixed and kneaded by the mixer. The designed rice seed pelleting machine fed pellet materials by screw conveyor to forming rolls and made rice-seed pellets. Capacity, ratio of perfect rice-seed pellets, seed and pellet material loss were investigated as mixing ratio of soil to rice seed and feeding rate of pellet materials. The pelleting machine showed up to 37,000 pellets/h of pelleting rate, 61∼71% of weight ratio of perfect rice-seed pellets to pellet materials supplied, 17∼48% of seed loss ratio. Average weight and average diameter of the pellets were 1.66 g and 12.0 mm. respectively. More than 3 rice seeds were included in most pellets at 6 : 1 of mixing ratio of soil to rice seed. And compression strength of the pellets was in the range of 88-130 N. To improve performance of the pelleting machine, improvements of the forming rolls, feeding mechanism, and discharging mechanism for reducing loss of pellet materials and seeds damage are needed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2009

친환경농업에 대한 관심과 요구도가 높아지고 있는데, 잡초 방제는 친환경적으로 벼를 재배하는 데 있어 어려운 점이다. 쌀겨 펠렛을 10a당 100${\sim}$300kg을 처리하면 잡초 방제가는 46${\sim}$69%로 제초제를 사용하지 않아도 논 잡초를 방제할 수 있는 효과가 있었다. 그런데, 쌀겨 펠렛을 10a당 200kg이상 시용할 때 쌀의 단백질 함량이 높아 식미치가 떨어지는 경향을 보였으므로, 밑거름을 50% 절감 사용하여 단백질 함량이 높아지는 것을 막아 식미치를 높이되 수량은 떨어지지 않도록 하는 것이 합리적일 것으로 여겨진다. 쌀겨에 비해 목초액과 현미식초는 잡초 방제 효과가 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 제초제 사용량을 절감하고자 기준량인 10a당 butachlor 150g의 25${\sim}$50%를 줄여서 사용하는 경우에는, 쌀겨를 같이 처리하면 잡초 방제가가 높아졌다. 즉, 제초제를 기준량의 반만 사용하였을 경우에 쌀겨를 10a당 100kg 병용처리하면, 잡초 방제가는 63%에서 75%로 높아졌다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.358-362
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a 12 tons capacity circulating concurrent flow rice dryer. An actual scale dryer with the capacity of 12 tons was developed to obtain a faster drying rate of 0.8~1.2%(w.b.)/h, while maintaining a lower drying energy consumption of 5,000 kJ/kg-water and achieving a drying quality that was comparable to a conventional cross-flow rice dryer. The Test-1 was conducted at $110^{\circ}C\;-\;20\;cmm/m^2$ and the Test-2 was conducted at $120-110-100-90^{\circ}C\;-\;20\;cmm/m^2$ under the same conditions as Test-1. In Test-1, the drying rate, drying energy consumption and crack ratio were 0.98 %(w.b.)/h, 4,573 kJ/kg-water and 3.2%, respectively. In Test-2, the drying rate, drying energy consumption and crack ratio were 0.74 %(w.b.)/h, 4,790 kJ/kg-water and 4.0%, respectively. The results of these tests demonstrated that this concurrent-flow dryer reached the desired drying rate, drying energy consumption and crack ratio.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.147-156
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• 1981

벼를 곡립함수율(습양기준) 28～20%인 시기에 예취하고 논에서 곡립함수율 17% 정도까지 일시 건조한 후에 탈곡하고 정조를 곡립함수율 14～15%까지 재건조한 후 유통 또는 저장하는 일반적인 우리나라 관행 수확조제체계에서는 정조 수확손실이 크고 완전미수율이 떨어지기 쉬워 그 개선이 요구되는 바, 국내에서 최근에 작물 수확전 처리 건조제로 등록 사용허가된 diquat의 효용성과 문제점을 밝히기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 공시품종은 인.일형 품종 수원 26004와 밀양2003, 일본형 품종 진흥이었고, diquat의 처리시기와 처리량이 곡립함수율, 정조천발중, 벼알탈입성, 제책율 및 정백률과 동할미율, 수미율, 심복백미율, 청미율, 색택 및 냄새 등 품종에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1. Diquat의 수확전처리 벼 건조효과는 인.일형품종들에서는 뚜렷하나 일본형 품종에서는 무처리구와 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 2. 인.일형 품종들에 대한 처리적기는 벼의 생리적, 성숙기 2일전~3일후의 기간이었고, 처리기량은 diquation 336g/ha (diquat dibromide 20% 함유한 상품 Region 액제 300cc/10a) 수준이었으며, 처리적기에 적량을 살포할 경우 수확기의 곡입을 함수율은 15~16%로써 무처리구 20～24%에 비하여 5～8%의 건조효과가 있었고 예취와 탈곡작업을 연속적으로 실시할 수 있는 수분조건이었다. 3. Diquat을 처리하면 벼알의 탈립성은 무처리구에 비하여 10～15% 정도 감소되었다. 4. Diquat을 적기에 철포하면 정조수량, 제해율 및 정백률에 영향하지 않았다. 5. Diquat 처리는 동할미, 수미 및 심복백미율에는 영향하지 않고 청미율은 현저히 감소시켜 품종을 향상시켰다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.207-218
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• 1990

Grains display characteristics of both elastic bodies and viscous fluids when they are subjected to mechanical treatments in harvesting, handling, and processing. This viscoelastic behavior of grains when mechanically stressed must be fully understood to establish maximum machine efficiency and have a minimum degree of grain damage and the highest quality of the final product. The studies were conducted to examine the effect of the moisture content, the loading rate and the initial deformation on the stress relaxation behavior of whole kernel of rough rice, and develop the rheological model to represent its stress relaxation behavior. The following results were obtained from the study. 1. Moisture content had the greatest influence on the initial portion of the relaxation curve. With elapsing time the lower moisture content resulted in the lower residual stress for the Japonica-type rough rice and vice versa for the Indica-type rough rice. But within the ranges of moisture content tested, the degree of stress relaxation per unit strain on the Indica-type rough rice was a little higher than those on the Japonica-type rough rice. 2. The slower loading rate resulted in less initial stress. The decreasing trend of residual stress for all the samples tested with increasing loading rate was shown. 3. The higher initial deformation for all the samples resulted in less initial stress. The increasing of amount of stress relaxation per unit strain with increase of initial stress indicated that viscoelastic properties of rough rice depended not only upon duration of load applied but also initial stress applied. This means that rough rice is nonlinear viscoelastic material. 4. The compression stress relaxation properties of rough rice kernel can be described by a generalized Maxwell model representing by the Maxwell elements.