• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.182-186
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• 2009

Single ascospores was isolated in Yesan-gun, Chungnam in 2006 with Cordyceps militaris. This study was carried out to select the superior isolates which produce more fruiting body and contain more cordycepin contents. Five single ascospore isolates were cultured on brown rice pupae medium and they formed fruiting bodies. To select better isolates, each isolates was hybridized and then the characteristics and cordycepin contents were investigated. After biological efficiency and codycepin contents were examined, finally C0601S05 was selected. Top-cross test of isolate C0601S05 was carried with 29 single ascospores. From this test, isolate C0601S05${\times}$C0601S33 and isolate C0601S05${\times}$C0601S43 containing highest cordycepin contents were selected. Codycepin contents of C0601S05 was 246mg% and those of C0601S05${\times}$C0601S33 and C0601S05${\times}$C0601S43 were 325mg% and 280mg%, respectively. C0601S05${\times}$C0601S33 was registered as Yedang 3 at the Korea seed & variety service.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.458-466
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• 2017

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial blight, is a major threat to rice productivity. Here, we performed RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis of Xoo transcripts isolated under in planta growth (on both susceptible and resistant hosts) and in vitro culture conditions. Our in planta extraction method resulted in successful enrichment of Xoo cells and provided RNA samples of high quality. A total of 4,619 differentially expressed genes were identified between in planta and in vitro growth conditions. The majority of the differentially expressed genes identified under in planta growth conditions were related to the nutrient transport, protease activity, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity. Among them, over 1,300 differentially expressed genes were determined to be secretory, including 184 putative type III effectors that may be involved in Xoo pathogenicity. Expression pattern of some of these identified genes were further validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Taken together, these results provide a transcriptome overview of Xoo under in planta and in vitro growth conditions with a focus on its pathogenic processes, deepening our understanding of the behavior and pathogenicity of Xoo.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2015

Disturbance to marine wildlife is a serious negative impact of marine debris. In this study, the percentages of Black-faced Spoonbill nests that included plastic marine debris were calculated from surveys conducted on an islet named Suhaam off the western coast of South Korea. The percentages of nests including plastic decreased from 71% in 2010 to 37% in 2011 to 33% in 2012. The total number of nests increased from 28 in 2010 to 38 in 2011 to 43 in 2012. These differences in nests and nesting materials were possibly due to natural nesting materials such as tree branches and rice straws that were provided at the breeding site as a protective action in 2011 and 2012. Additional conservation efforts should be made to prevent further negative impacts from marine debris.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2009

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA were used to assess phylogenetic relationships of four Korean oyster species. The average number of species-specific markers identified from five universal rice primers (URPs) by RAPD-PCR was 1.8 for Crassostrea gigas, 3.2 for C. nippona, 3.6 for C. ariakensis, and 4.6 for Ostrea denselamellosa. The length of the ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region ranged from 1,001 to 1,206 bp (ITS1, 426-518 bp; 5.8S, 157 bp; and ITS2, 418-536 bp), while the GC content ranged from 55.5-61.1% (ITS1, 56.8-61.8%; 5.8S, 56-57.3%; and ITS2, 54.1-62.2%). A phylogenetic analysis of the oysters based on our RAPD, ITS1, and ITS2 sequence data revealed a close relationship between C. gigas and C. nippona and a distant relationship between the genera Crassostrea and Ostrea. Our results indicated that RAPD and ITS sequence analysis was a useful tool for the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships and for the selection of species-specific markers in Korean oysters.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2001

Pepper plants (Nogkwang, 60-day old) were inoculated with Phytophthora capsici to induce sesquiterpene cyclase associated with the biosynthesis of phytoalexin (capsidiol), a substance related to the defense against pathogens in plants. One day after inoculation, mRNA was isolated from the root, cDNA synthesized, and a library constructed in a ZAP express XR vector. The efficiency was $2{\times}10^6pfu/{\mu}g$. Sesquiterpene cyclase cDNA from Hyoscyamus muticus was labeled with $^{32}P$ and used as a probe for screening the cDNA library. After the third screening, 25 positive clones were selected. Through restrictive digestion and DNA gel-blot analysis, six different cyclase gene expressions were identified. PSC1B sequences of the six clones were determined, which were 1966 base pairs encoded 556 amino acids with an expected molecular weight of 63.8 kDa. Response against the pathogen was different between the resistant and susceptible peppers. After the infection of the pathogen, the expression of PSC genes continued in the resistant peppers while the plants were alive. The expression in the susceptible peppers lasted for only 4 days.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2013

The study was carried out to determine the gel pasting properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Geoncheonheugbori) as affected by different proton beam irradiation. The ${\lambda}max$, blue value, and amylose content were significantly associated with increasing proton beam irradiation. The pasting time in barley flour irradiated with proton beam ranged 0.09 to 0.16 min shorter than nonirradiated barley flour. Gel pasting temperature ranged 57.4 to $60.5^{\circ}C$. Gel pasting temperature in barley flour decreased with increasing proton beam irradiation. Proton beam irradiation caused a significant decrease in the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc) and enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$). Gelatinization range (R) in barley starch was more broaden than that of non-irradiated barley starch. Barley starches gave the strong diffraction peak at around $2{\Theta}$ values$15^{\circ}$, $18^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, and $23^{\circ}$ $2{\Theta}$. Peak intensity tended to increase with increased proton beam irradiation. The granule crystallinity is closely associated with decreased amylose and increased amylopectin component. The crystallinity degree of barley starch irradiated with proton beam was significantly increased and it ranged from 24.9 to 32.9% compared to the non-irradiated barley starches. It might be deduced that proton beam irradiation causes significant changes of properties of starch viscosity in rice, especially at high irradiation of proton beam.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1323-1331
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• 2020

Objective: Three types of dietary fiber were fed to sows during gestation and lactation stages to monitor their physiological and metabolic adaptations during the pre-partum period and to determine how these effects may influence the lactation period and sow performance. Methods: Soon after breeding, 54 sows were selected and were fed with 20% supplementation as fed of wheat bran (WB), soya hulls (SH), or rice hulls (RH) in diets during gestation and lactation. Sows were weighed, backfat thickness was measured ultrasonically and jugular blood samples were collected from all sows. The litter size was equalized to 10, by fostering piglets from sows on the same treatment. Results: Sows gained 22.0, 21.8, and 25.5 kg of net maternal body weight during gestation (for WB, SH, and RH sows, respectively; p = 0.007). There was no treatment effect on the body weight change during lactation (p = 0.158), however RH sows consumed an average of 133.66 kg of feed, WB sows took 121.29 kg and SH sows took 126.77 kg during lactation (p<0.001). The SH litters gained an average of 59.34 kg of weight during lactation, while other litters gained 51.58 and 49.98 kg (for WB and RH litters, respectively; p<0.001). Exception for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, measured serum biochemical values were broadly in agreement with earlier reports. Despite the use of additional vegetable oil to balance the energy level, RH sows still had lower concentrations of serum triglycerides in late gestation. Conclusion: Different types of fibrous ingredients in the gestation diet influenced most of the investigated reference values for sows. The values of serum biochemical parameters were generally not affected by fiber type during the lactation stage. The SH supplementation for sows is an effective approach to give heavier litters at birth and weaning and to increase voluntary feed intake in early lactation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1223-1232
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• 2017

Cordyceps militaris, a member of Ascomycota, a mushroom referred to as caterpillar Dong-chung-ha-cho, is commercially valuable because of its high content of bioactive substances, including cordycepin, and its potential for artificial cultivation. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is highly associated with the pharmacological effects of C. militaris. C. militaris is heterothallic in that two mating-type loci, idiomorph MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, exist discretely in two different spores. In this study, nine C. militaris strains were mated with each other to prepare newly bred strains that produced a larger amount of cordycepin than the parent strains. Nine strains of C. militaris were identified by comparing the internal transcribed spacer sequence, and a total of 12 single spores were isolated from the nine strains of C. militaris. After the MAT idiomorph was confirmed by PCR, 36 mating combinations were performed with six single spores with MAT1-1 and the others with MAT1-2. Eight mating combinations were successfully mated, producing stroma with perithecia. Cordycepin content analysis of all strains by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the KASP4-bred strain produced the maximum cordycepin among all strains, regardless of the medium and stroma parts. Finally, universal rice primer-PCR was performed to demonstrate that the bred strains were genetically different from the parental strains and new C. militaris strains. These results may be related to the recombination of genes during mating. The newly produced strains can be used to meet the industrial demand for cordycepin. In addition, breeding through mating suggests the possibility of producing numerous cordycepin-producing C. militaris strains.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.209-222
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• 2006

The whole genome sequence was completed in arabidopsis and rice. Large amounts of EST data have been available from many other plants. Also, vast quantities of diverse biological data have been generated by various '-omics' technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Bioinformatics plays an essential role in extracting useful information from these tremendous amounts of biological data. In this review we introduced experimental methods to generate massive data, applications to plant science such as plant disease resistance and molecular breeding and bioinformatics tools and web sites available in plant biotechnology R&D. We concluded that new experimental methods and bioinfomation analysis techniques have made major contributions to the development of plant biotechnology and that bioinformatics has become a critical factor in plant biotechnology R&D.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.43-46
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• 2002

The first record of buckwheat in Korea was revealed from an old Korean book, "Hyangyakguguebbang(鄕藥救急方)" written in the era of king 'Gojong' who governed the country from AD 1236 to 1251 in the Korea dynasty. Buckwheat in Korea has been known to be introduced from China in 5th -6th century. One of the most famous buckwheat noodles, 'Naengmyeon' had been used popularly among the people in the Korea dynasty. It is true that buckwheat had been cooked and sold in temples during the Korea dynasty, and was regarded it as one of the temple foods at that time. Buckwheat has been cultivated as an alternative crop and buckwheat grains have been used as a hardy plant when the food situation for people was lacking in Korea. Buckwheat was an important crop in a slash-and-burn field(shifting cultivation) of the mountainous area in Kangwon province. A written history of the shifting cultivation in Korea was found in an old book "Taekriji" which was written by Lee, Jung-Hwan in the Chosun dynasty. The area and number of households of shifting cultivation in Korea was 40,000 ha and 135,000 household, respectively in 1973. Fifty to sixty kilogram of buckwheat grains per la was harvested at an altitude of 600 - 800m. Folk songs which have been sung among the people in shifting areas include buckwheat meal. One of the folk songs for buckwheat is as follows; "they do not eat rice with or without waxy property but eat buckwheat mixture." Since 1974, shifting cultivation has been legally prohibited to allow revegetation of destroyed mountains and rehabilitation of woodlands in Korea. Buckwheat has been traditionally marketed as noodle or flour for the manufacture of noodles, and also as groats for food in Korea. Consumption in markets has increased over the past several years. Buckwheat grains are mainly consumed in the form of noodles in Korea. However, many people have recently pursued a desire to make food products of high quality in processing buckwheat materials for health reasons.