• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.7
• /
• pp.981-986
• /
• 2012

To produce a new tea with a good flavor and functional properties using green tea of low quality, naked barley and barley were selected to blend with the green tea. The simultaneous distillation extraction method (SDE) using Likens and Nickerson's extraction apparatus was used to extract the volatile flavor compounds from the samples. The concentrated flavor extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS. The GC patterns of the flavor components in two parched barleys were very different. The main volatile flavor components in two of the samples were alkyl pyrazines. Compounds including 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, and 3-ethyl-2.5-dimethyl pyrazine were isolated from the naked barley. Compounds including thiophenes, thiazoles, sulfides, and pyrroles with burnt odor were isolated from the barley. The parched naked barley was better than barley for adding to green tea. The main aroma components of the green tea blended with the naked barley were hexanol, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, ${\beta}$-ionone, ${\alpha}$-ionone, alkyl pyrazines, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, and furfural.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.545-552
• /
• 2021

In this study, strength and durability evaluations are performed on vibrated-rolled method mortar mixtures containing desulfurized gypsum and ferronickel slag powder. Desulfurized gypsum and ferronickel slag fine powders were substituted for 25% limestone fine powders u sed in the manu factu re of VR tu bes, and mortar specimens were prepared u sing vibrated-rolled method. Accordingly, flexural and compressive strengths were performed to evaluate the strength, and chlorine ion penetration resistance and sulfuric acid resistance tests were performed to evaluate durability. Flexural and compressive strength were improved in the range 20 to 60% of desu lfu rized gypsu m among admixtu res, and the amou nt of passing charge decreased in the choride ion penetration resistance test in the range of 20 to 80% of desulfurized gypsum. As for the resistance to su lfu ric acid, when the proportion of desu lfu rized in the admixtu re was 40%, the strength and weight change rate according to the immersion period was reduced. Appropriate use of desulfurized gypsum and ferronickel slag powder is expected to improve performance in terms of strength and durability.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.6-17
• /
• 1997

Lithium niobate single crystals with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios were grown by the Czochralski method from melts having compositions varing between 48.6 ~ 58.0 mol % $Li_2O$. A vapor transport equilibration technique has been used to improve the homogeneity and adjust the [Li]/[Nb] ratio in small $LiNbO_3$ single crystals grown by the Czochralski method. When equilibrated with a Li-rich powder (65 mol%$Li_2O$), containing a mixture of $LiNbO_3$ and $Li_3NbO_4$, crystals of nearly stoichiometric composition can be obtained. This was established by studying the composition dependence of the following properties; lineshape, intensity and linewidth for the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of $Fe^{3+}$ energy of the fundamental absorption edge and $OH^-$ absorption spectra.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.851-859
• /
• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate whether ethanol extracts of Sophora flavescens (GS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GC), Dictamnus dasycarpus (BSP), and their mixtures (GGB-1, -2, -3, and -4) inhibit 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in a mouse model. DNCB was topically applied on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. The pathological phenotypes of AD, such as erythema, ear thickness, edema, scabs, and discharge, were significantly decreased in the GGB (DNCB + GS:GC:BSP = 3:1:1 mixture)-1-treated groups compared with the other treated groups. The weight of the spleen in immune organs was significantly decreased in the GGB-1-treated groups, whereas the weight of the liver in a control group was similar to that of the groups treated with the samples. Furthermore, toluidine blue staining analysis, a method used to specifically identify mast cells, showed that master cell infiltration into the dermis of the GGB-1-treated group was significantly decreased. The immunoglobulin E concentration was lower in the GGB-1-treated group. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin-1, 4, 5, 6, and 13, $1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were also significantly reduced in the GGB-1-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that a mixture of GS, GC, and BSP in a proportion of 3:1:1 (GGB-1) may contribute to the relief of AD symptoms and may be considered an excellent candidate for an AD therapeutic drug.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.53-78
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study is to verify the factors determining core journals in a field based upon the results of the citation analysis of the journals in the field of Korean History(KH). In order to verify the determinant factors, dividing the articles of the KH journals into their novelty and author's seniority, the following hypotheses were established. Hypothesis 1: When a KH journal publishes more articles on prehistoric and ancient eras than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. Hypothesis 2: When a KH journal publishes more articles by senior researchers than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. To achieve the purpose, the cited articles found in the two sample journals, namely, Backsan Hakbo and Hanguksa Yongu were analysed during the past 20 years from 1962 to 1981. Applying the Hirst's Discipline Impact Factor method to the the study, Historical Science Impact Factor(HSIF) on the samples itself and the historical era dealt with in the articles and the seniority of the authors during every five-year period. Based upon thr present study to ver~fy the two hypotheses, the following conclusions have been reached. 1) Tht. most influencing sublect mattcr era or1 thix liSIF of the lo~lrual is arranged in prehistoric arid ancient, Koryo, Chosun, recent era, and the others by order of era. 2 ) Clial~g~~lg a fringe or semicore journal u~to a core j ~ u r n a l , very IISIF' 011 it> article e r a 1s grown up arrd prcllistoric a ~ ~ d ancierlt era:. are, s p c c ~ a l l ~ , incr.eased high relatively. Char~ging a core journal int:~ a fr~ngr or semicort. journal, t.very IISIF ti dropped and prel~istc~ric and ancieut taras arc, fallen sharp relatively. 3) The most irlflr~encin~ s~niority 011 the t1SII- of ihc journal I. the senior.., written or1 prehistoric and ancient eras. Above all, the senilir'b HSIF olr prehistoric anti anclent e r a s a r e most ~nfluencing the cliangi~rg of the core journal into the fringe ur bemicore. .i) flypothesis fl is no1 vcrif~ed i r t general. T l ~ e rt, lative connections bet wee^^ the senior's HSIF 011 each era and tht, ~ l ~ a l ~ g i t l g of the tort. ji1ur.tia1 arc \:er~fied in part hut r~ot in the wliole. 5) 'The reason why the 11SIF or1 prehistori~. arid ar~cic~nt e r a s is higl~er than others can be assumed becaltic the new <, xcavations a r r contit~ued actively i l l the prrsr.llt as to the relics arid remains or1 that eras. Accordingly, the HSIF' r i l l thr 11ew 3ubject matter l~ke arcl~acmlogy trends to grow up greatly. Bctween the senior's and juriior's JISIE', junior'.; is higl~er than s., nior's except ancient e r a . That reason can be assumed bccausr Iunlorb t r j to solve the ex~sting problems thr~urglr their ow11 new viewpoints and sights. So, i t should be studied whether the 11SlF on the artic1t.s of the new subject matters and viewpoirrts is influenced to the changing of the core jorlrnal or not.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.12
• /
• pp.1325-1329
• /
• 2014

Gugija (Lycii chinese Miller) is traditionally consumed as a Chinese medicinal material in food, tea, or alcoholic beverages. Gugija has beneficial healthy components, but it produces an off-flavor during storage. This study compared the flavor components of fresh-dried Gugija and stale-dried Gugija. The flavor compounds in one fresh sample (sample 1) and one stale sample (sample 2) were extracted by the simultaneous distillation and extraction method. The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-five compounds, including 17 aldehydes, 8 alcohols, 6 terpene compounds, 4 esters, 3 ketones, and 3 pyrazines, were isolated in sample 1. Thirty-four compounds, including 12 aldehydes, 3 alcohols, 5 terpene compounds, 2 esters, 3 ketones, 3 pyrazines, and 1 acid, were isolated in sample 2. The main aroma components of sample 1 were 2-methyl butanal, 2-methyl propanol having sweet odor, and hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol having grass odor, and phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol having floral odor, and alkyl pyrazines having nutty odor. These compounds were decreased in sample 2, and several compounds containing isovaleric acid, which has a disagreeable, rancid-cheese odor were found newley.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2019

Ozone is a gaseous molecule able to kill microorganisms, such as yeast, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. However, ozone gas is unstable and cannot be used easily. In order to utilize ozone properly and efficiently, plant oil can be employed. Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds of fatty acids, converting to ozonized oil. In this reaction, ozonide is produced within fatty acids and the resulting ozonized oil has various biological functions. In this study, we showed that ozonized oil has antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria. To test the antimicrobial activity of ozonized oil, we produced ozonized olive oil. Ozonized olive oil was applied to Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assayed using the disk diffusion method following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 0.25 mg for S. aureus, 0.5 mg for S. epidermidis, 3.0 mg for P. aeruginosa, and 1.0 mg for E. coli. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. We compared growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and MRSA, showing that the ozonized olive oil was more effective on MRSA than S. aureus. Furthermore, the ozonized olive oil killed C. albicans within an hour. These data suggested that ozonized olive oil could be an alternative drug for MRSA infection and could be utilized as a potent antimicrobial and antifungal substance.