• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2001

Of hot-water extracts prepared from 10 herbal components of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang, Atractylodes lancea DC. (ALR) and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG) showed the most potent bone marrow cell proliferation activity through intestinal immune system whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for Astragalus membranacues Bunge (ASR) and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (AR) having low activity. Especially, ALR had the potent activity irrespective of classes of ALR, a place of production and the condition of breeding. In addition, we found that hot-water extract from Atractylodes lancea DC rhizomes (ALR-0) contributed mainly to Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang. ALR-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (ALR-1), MeOH-insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (ALR-2), and the crude polysaccharide fraction (ALR-3). Among these fractions, only ALR-3 showed potent stimulating activity for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells, dose-dependently. In treatments of ALR-3 with $NaIO_4,\;NaClO_2$ and pronase, all significantly reduced the intestinal immune system modulating activity of ALR-3, and the activity of ALR-3 was much affected by $NaIO_4$ oxidation particularly. These results reveal that macromolecules, such as polysaccharide, rather than low-molecular-weight substances, are the potent intestinal immune system modulating compound of ALR.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.27-45
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• 2017

A taxonomic study of the genus Hosta (Lilliaceae) in Korea was conducted based on morphological characteristics. Hosta clausa varieties share several characteristics (rhizomes with underground stolons, smooth scapes, and purple anthers). Hosta clausa var. normalis has an open perianth, long pistils, and fertile fruit. H. clausa var. clausa can be distinguished from H. clausa var. normalis by its closed perianth and sterile fruit. H. clausa var. geumgangensis has sterile fruit, green petioles, short pistils, and short narrow perianth tubes. H. clausa var. ensata has very narrow, sword-shaped leaves. It can be included in H. clausa var. normalis, which has a large degree of variation in leaf and petiole shape. H. jonesii has smooth scapes, yellow anthers, and bell-shaped flowers. It can be distinguished from the related species H. tsushimensis found on the Tushima islands in Japan by its wide perianth tube. H. yingeri is distinguished by its funnel-shaped flowers, 3 long and 3 short stamens, and smooth scape; the related species H. laevigata has 6 equally-sized stamens, narrowly lanceolate leaves, and wavy leaf margins. Because H. laevigata is not found in its type locality Isl. Heugsando, its taxonomic position must be determined at a later time. H. minor shares several characteristics (scapes with ridges and yellow-colored anthers) with the related taxa H. venusta. However, H. venusta is changed to H. minor var. venusta because it has overlapping characteristics in plant size, number of flowers, leaf size, and leaf shape. Consequently, the genus Hosta in Korea is classified into 5 species, 3 varieties, and 6 forms.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

The nematicidal and egg haching inhibitory effects of extracts from 30 herbal plants (total 32 samples) against Meloidogyne hapla J2 juveniles and eggs was tested using the dipping method. At 1,000 ppm, extracts of Daphne genkwa flower buds, Eugenia caryophyllata flowers, Quisqualis indica fruits, and Zingiber officinale rhizomes produced > 80% mortality in J2 juveniles. At 125 ppm, extracts of D. genkwa and Q. indica produced 91 and 99% mortality, respectively. The toxicity of 5 selected plant extracts to M. hapla differed depending on the solvent used (i.e. hexane, methanol, hot water, or cold water). Hot water extracts of Z. officinale and Q. indica produced nematicidal efficacies of 99 and 99%, compared to 36 and 98%, respectively, with cold water extraction. Q. indica extract was highly active against M. hapla regardless of extraction method. The inhibitory effects of Areca catechu, D. genkwa, Desmodium caudatum, Pharbitis nil, Q. indica, and Z. officinale extracts on egg hatching of M. hapla was evaluated. At 1,000 ppm, D. genkwa, P. nil, and Q. indica extracts significantly reduced hatching at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Numbers of juveniles in soil treated with the methanol extract D. genkwa (1,000 ppm) were significantly lower than in untreated soil in trials in pots and in a ginseng (Phanax ginseng) field. These results indicate that Q. indica extracts could be used as an environmental friendly control agent of M. hapla.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.147-150
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• 1988

Polysaccharides which show reticuloendothelial system potentiating activity in carbon clearance tests have been examined in water extracts of Panx species. From the dried roots of P. notoginseng, an active polysaccharide called sanchinan-A was isolated. The molecular weight of sanchinan-A was estimated to be 1,500,000D and the structure was determined to be $\beta$-D-(1-3-galactan), possessing branch points at positions 0-6 at which (mainly-$\alpha$-L-arabinofuranosyl and partly $\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-6)-$\beta$-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1-3)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl side chains are attached on average, to two of three galactosyl units. From dried rhizomes of P. japonicus, several active polysaccharides were also isolated, and these structuers were also determined. From the dried roots of P. ginseng, several polysaccharides which showed strong activity were isolated. The structures of these compounds are currently under investigation. The polysaccharide fraction (non-dialyzed fraction) of the water extract of red ginseng (steam-dried roots) did not exhibit activity, while the dialyzed fraction potentiated RES. Activity disappeared, however, during the process of separation due to the presence of a substance in the fraction which stabilizes an active substance.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.347-351
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• 2008

Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus Soland have been used as sedatives, analgesics, and stomachics in Korean medicine. Even though A. gramineus produced in Korea is known as having better efficacy of a remedy than that in China, its cultivation area has not increased because of the lack of seedlings. To solve this problem, seed propagation method was tested. Seeds were harvested and sowed three times in June, 2005. The best results showed at greenish yellow seed stage harvested in mid June, and its germination ratio was 90.7%. Seeds were well stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. As for in vitro culture, multiple shoots were induced first in MS basal medium supplemented with $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, and then roots were induced in MS basal medium containing $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA or $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA. Growth of A. gramineus seedlings in Wonyesangto, potting material sold in markets for horticultural plants, was superior to vermiculite.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2018

In Korea, Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum was formerly known as the only Korean native species in the genus. Recently, however, we reported one unrecorded taxon, H. squamuloso-pilosum Ching, which was found on rocks at a limestone mountain in Yeongwol, along with one new taxon, H. angustifolium in Okcheon. Traditionally, Hypodematium taxa are often distinguished from each other by vegetative characters such as pinnatifid lamina, glandular hairs, and narrower or linear lanceolate scales on stipe bases. H. glanduloso-pilosum, distributed widely throughout the country except on Jejudo Island in Korea, exhibiting variations in leaf segregation, indusia positions, hair distributions and size. The high variation in the morphological characters in the widely distributed taxon has caused problems delimitating three native species from each other. To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among H. glanduloso-pilosum and taxa related to Hypodematium (all Korean native taxa), we carried out morphological and molecular analyses (cpDNA rbcL and psbA-trnH) of populations of the genus Hypodematium in Korea. Although H. glanduloso-pilosum exhibits high variations in some morphological characters, the species is characterized by stipes and indusia with densely multicellular hairs and rod-shaped glandular hairs or hairs and lanceolate or oblong lanceolate scales in rhizomes and stipe bases distinguished from those of other Korean native taxa (H. squamuloso-pilosum and H. angustifolium). In the analyses of cpDNA data, three Korean native taxa are placed in the same clade, i.e., in the glanduloso-pilosum group. Moreover, our analyses propose that H. squamuloso-pilosum (China and Korea), H. angustifolium (Korea), and H. fordii (China and Japan) share the same glanduloso-pilosum clade with H. glandulosopilosum (China, Korea, and Japan).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2003

Hibiscus hamabo, called "Hwang-geun", growing about 3m in height is a deciduous shrub or subtree of Malvaceae. Because the number of these species is very limited in the world, the Ministry of Environment has designated H. hamabo as a preserved plant. The Korea Forest Service also protects it strictly by law since H. hamabo is an out-of-the-way plant and possibly may be exterminated soon in Korea. Investigation for distribution and ecological characteristics of the habitat for H. hamabo was carried out on Soan Island. Two wild H. hamabo were found at the forest edge (equation omitted) along the sea coast located in the southern part of Soan Island and this was the first report in the Korean academic world. These two wild H. hamabos were growing in a naturally inhibited area. The diameters at the base were 12cm and 15cm. The Tree heights were 150cm and 210cm and the number of branches of each wild H. hamabo was 4 and 7. However, the present condition of these plants was not good. Environmental conditions of the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo were very mild because it is located at the edge of the forest and is always sunny during the daytime since the slope of the inhibited area is facing South. The ground drained very well since the soil was made of gravels and sand. Because the percent of vegetation of the subtree layer where H. hamabo was growing was 40%, the cover degree and sociability of flex crenata trees and Eurya japonica were found to be high. In the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo, a dominant value of Rubus parvifolius in the lower part of the herb layer was very high and many plants in Compositae, such as Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Erigeron annuus, were also present. A dominant value of liana, such as Vitis thunbergii var. sinuata, Rosa multiflora, Clematis terniflora and Hedera rhombea, and Gramineae plants that rhizomes were well developed and aggressively propagated, such as Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Phragmites communis, Spodiopogon cotulifer and Oplismenus undulatifolius which were surveyed as high, too. These results imply that H. hamabo might be exterminated soon through a natural selection if the proper management of the naturally inhibited area of H. hamabo is not conducted continually.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2015

Biological invasion of alien plants is considered to be one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in riparian zones. The effects of two invasive alien plants, Sicyos angulatus and Paspalum distichum var. indutum, on the flora and community structure of the riparian vegetation were investigated at 22 sites at streams in Korea. Sicyos angulatus has invaded the central Korean Peninsula. This alien plant has caused problems to stream managers because of its aggressive vining growth. It had suppressed native vegetation such as trees, shrubs and tall grasses on bank slope and higher floodplains. Paspalum distichum var. indutum has become more widespread in the southern part of Korea. This invasive plant has shallow rhizomes and creeping, extensively branched stolons. It forms a dense mat over lotic or slowly-flowing water and threatens submerged and short emergent hydrophytes. In order to control the introduction and expansion of alien plants, limitation of artificial disturbances and appropriate alien plant management are needed in riparian areas.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.111-125
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• 2016

Cordgrass (Spartina spp.) is recognized as a highly invasive plant in estuaries throughout the world because of remarkable versatility and resiliency, significant reproduction, strong adaptability, rapid spreading, and vigorous growth. In this review, therefore, to provide insights on the effective management practices, the previous research works were summarized and discussed. Spartina spp. is a perennial halophyte, warm-season (C4) grass that reproduces both sexually through seeds and asexually by rhizomes. Management strategies for cordgrass have included various physical, biological, and chemical controls. Herbicides are usually the most cost-effective means of control. Currently, glyphosate, imazapyr, fluazifop and haloxyfop have been practically used. To improve the control efficacy, a combination of two more than methods (example, mowing-spraying) is needed to be applied consistently every year for at least 3 to 4 years and to be sprayed with enough dry time (>4-6 hr) at an early growth stage (before flowering). Consistently repeated application of same herbicide have to be avoided to prevent an unexpected emergence of herbicide-resistant lines. On the other hand, Spartina spp. have many positive functions for agricultural and eco-engineering purposes. Thus, we have to give more intensive research for effectively managing advantages and disadvantages of Spartina plantations.