• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.5-11
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to construct a turnover estimation model by investigating research by Park et al. (2006) on the market area of domestic distribution. The study investigated distribution by using a new tool for the turnover estimation technique. This study developed and discussed the turnover estimation technique of Park et al. (2006), applying it to a large-scale retailer in "D"city that was suitable for on-the-spot distribution. It constructed the new model in accordance with test procedures keeping to this retail business location, to apply its procedures to a specific situation and improve the turn over estimation process. Further, it investigated the analysis and procedures of existing turnover estimation cases to provide problems and alternatives for turnover estimation for a large-scale retailer in "D"city. Finally, it also discussed problems and scope for further research. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted on the basis of "virtue" studies. In other words, it took into account the special quality of the structure of Korea's trade zones. The researcher sought to verify a sale estimate model for use in a distribution industry's location. The main purpose was to enable the sale estimate model (that is, the individual model's presentation) to be practically used in real situations in Korea by supplementing processes and variables. Results - The sale estimate model is constructed, first, by conducting a data survey of the general trading area. Second, staying within the city's census of company operating areas, the city's total consumption expenditure is derived by applying the large-scale store index. Third, the probability of shopping is investigated. Fourth, the scale of sales is estimated using the process of singularity. The correct details need to be verified for the model construction and the new model will need to be a distinct sale estimate model, with this being a special quality for business conditions. This will need to be a subsequent research task. Conclusions - The study investigated, tested, and supplemented the turnover estimation model of Park et al. (2006) in a market area in South Korea. Supplementation of some procedures and variables could provide a turnover estimation model in South Korea that would be an independent model. The turnover estimation model is applied, first, by undertaking an investigation of the market area. Second, a census of the intercity market area is carried out to estimate the total consumption of the specific city. Consumption is estimated by applying indexes of large-scale retailers. Third, an investigation is undertaken on the probability of shopping. Fourth, the scale of turnover is estimated. Further studies should investigate each department as well as direct and indirect variables. The turnover estimation model should be tested to construct new models depending on the type of region and business. In-depth and careful discussion by researchers is also needed. An upgraded turnover estimation model could be developed for Korea's on-the-spot distribution.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.211-231
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• 2011

RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA(Vertical Marketing System) developed by the Japanese Leading Manufacturers began to turn weak with the presence of the large- scaled retail enterprises since 1980’s. Therefore the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors that were in the conflict relations for a long time began to progress. In accordance with this change in the distribution channel practice, the stance of the distribution channel theory in Japan had also changed. As the normative researcher group who had been critical to RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA and sympathetic to the task of merchant judged that it would disappear sooner or later, they considered positively the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors which the latter were in dominant position. On the other hand, even the empirical researchers who supported the affirmative function of RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA changed their standpoint. They recognized the new channel practice, in other words the vertical alliances between the power companies, would be the frontier of research in accordance with the impetus of positivism in terms of the Marketing methodology. Thus, researchers of distribution channel theory in Japan who supported the normative approach become few and even changed to hurry to absorb in the empirical research, while moving the main focus of the research from RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA to the Alliances. In the long run, the distribution channel theory which was regarded as the leading principle of the Japanese Marketing has just made the methodological paradigm shift. The author suggests a critical viewpoint against the current Japan’s academism with the assumption that RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA has negative aspects.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2003.02a
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• pp.123-166
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• 2003

Marketing channel is recognized as one of the society systems which have the character of functional organization. These organizations are related to each other for specialized and cooperative work. Channel members in distribution channel are striving to accomplish exchange through reciprocal action. Thus channel members exercise their power to take better position in exchange. There will be struggling between members about satisfaction and conflict during this power exercise. Now a days, buyers use more harsh power as large retail firms are increasing. This phenomenon is occurring in the distribution channel. However, there will be different phenomenon in case of agricultural products. Not like industrial product suppliers, agricultural product suppliers have various supply channels and many agricultural products are seasonal. It has also unstable amount supplies. There should be differentiated marketing in agricultural products. Relatively weaker powered suppliers have to strengthen comparative factors and also have to be technically specialized through assessed experience in order to establish strong product sales chain. Making a brand of agricultural product would be also a good idea to increase the product comparability. Channel members need to be recognized their specialized functions in order to make balanced distribution channel. There have to be conversion of concept of relation between suppliers and buyers from subordinate relationship to cooperative relationship.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.23-48
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• 2007

Category management has been implemented to enhance competitiveness in the food distribution industry since 2000 in Korea. This study helps to understand why suppliers achieve better or worse performance than competitors in a category. The major objective of this article is to explore which category tactics are effective to have influence on category performance when suppliers as a category captain implement category management with variety enhancer categories like shampoo, toothpaste, and detergent. The Nielsen data were analyzed using regression and Chow test. The empirical results that were varied upon the store type and market position found out which specific actions on product assortments, pricing, shelving, and product replenishment can increase category sales. Specifically, in the case of market leader in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales with respect to category tactics are the out-of-stock rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. However, in the case of follower in large supermarket, the significant indicators of category sales are the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product. On the other hand, in the case of small supermarket, the significant factors on category sales for both market leader and follower are the retail distribution rate, the variance across brand shares, the forward inventory, and the days supply of a product category. In sum, regardless of the store type and market position, dominant brands in a category, the forward inventory, and short days supply of a product improved performance in all categories. Critical difference is that the out-of-stock rate acted as a key ingredient for the market leader between large and small supermarket and the retail distribution rate for the follower between large and small supermarket. This article presents some theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical results and finalizes the paper by addressing limitations and future research directions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Purpose - The Korean government has revised the distribution industry development law to regulate large-scale retailer operations to protecting medium- and small-scale retailers and traditional markets. According to the revised law, large-scale retailers must follow regulations on operating hours and compulsory store closures two days per month. Based on the revised distribution industry development law, most local governments regulate operation hours and they have adopted compulsory closure programs for large-scale retail stores. However, it is argued that fresh food producers suffer from a decrease in sales based on the compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers. Large-scale retailers reduce their fresh food orders from agricultural and fishery producers because of the compulsory store closures. Fresh food producers also suffer from a decrease in prices because reduced orders lead to a decrease in auction prices based on the availability of excess goods in wholesale markets. This paper investigates the effects of operation regulations for large-scale retailers on agricultural producers by surveying agricultural and fishery producer organizations. Research design, data, methodology - A survey was conducted on 117 producer organizations of fruits and vegetables, cereals, fisheries, and livestock products from September 10 to October 4, 2012. Survey items are annual sales, shares of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers, reduction of orders and prices from large-scale retailers, methods to deal with the sales reduction, unfair trade practices of large-scale retailers, opinion of the large-scale retailer regulations, and so on. The average sales of the sampled producer organizations are 13.7 billion won and the average share of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers is 35.4%. Results - Survey results show that the sample producer organizations' sales decreased 10.1% because of the compulsory closures of stores operated by large-scale retailers. It is estimated that the total sales of producer organizations decreased 371.2 billion won because of the regulations on the operation of large-scale retailers. In addition to the direct effect of a sales decrease due to order reduction, agricultural and fishery producer organizations suffered from the secondary effect of price reduction in wholesale markets. When orders from large-scale retailers decreased, most agricultural and fishery producer organizations shipped redundant products to wholesale markets, decreasing auction prices. It was estimated that the price received decreased 21.9% when sold in other marketing channels. As producer organization sales decreased, it was reported that the labor force employed by producer organizations also decreased by 15.1%. Therefore, we can conclude that the regulations for large-scale retailer operations resulted in negative impacts on agricultural producers. Conclusions - Although the sales reduction due to the regulations for large-scale retailer operations are not great, the cumulative effects due to the continued compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers could be great. This paper suggests governmental programs that could help agricultural producer organizations to find new and effective marketing channels such as direct marketing, farmers' markets, exports, Internet shopping, and so on.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.70-83
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• 2011

The number of agricultural products due to open in response to international competitiveness of the farming press and the need for structural adjustment in agriculture and in agricultural crops receive a fair market price, fair trade, such as improving efficiency sidaejeo appropriate response to the request of the government must have. For this purpose, compared to the communist bojaphan agricultural water efficiently changing the structure of the distribution, agricultural products originating from the acquisition phase choice of shipping a stable product supply and plans to expand production system to induce a smooth supply of agricultural products, expand processing capacity and sales control should be. Also, in the distribution process by eliminating various immoral conduct commerce retail establishment and enforcement of policies for efficient and accurate distribution statistics, information is needed. The ultimate goal of agricultural restructuring and ensure fair price for producers sangpuui and improvement of production facilities for maximizing and affordable for consumers, according to your preferences to receive the best offer will be Foo. Therefore, management increases the efficiency of just distribution costs, or margins, lowering the improvement is not practical to restructure the distribution structure of costs for the best product and must supply the next country of agricultural products, strengthen the consumer's purchase desire to meet will be.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2019

This research focuses on the relationships among customer satisfaction, delight, and loyalty. Although customer delight is one facet of an affective evaluation that can be predicted from customer satisfaction as cognitive component of the evaluation, there is no empirical examination on the casual relationship among customer satisfaction, delight, and loyalty. This study aims at addressing this gap in the service literature. The research questions are (1) How is customer satisfaction related to customer delight? and (2) Does customer delight matter in the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty? Data from a survey of consumers across upscale restaurant and retail bank in Korea were obtained. Our results show that customer satisfaction contributes positively to customer delight, and that customer delight plays a significant role in the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. This chained relationship from customer satisfaction to customer delight to customer loyalty suggests that achieving customer delight represents one of the underlying pathways through which basic or core requirements expected by customers are satisfied. Our finding suggests that service firms need to monitor and manage their levels of customer delight as a performance metric, and delighting customers may be an important strategy to build competitive advantage through customer loyalty.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.729-735
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• 2000

Moisture loss of fresh fruits and vegetables is a main cause of deterioration. It resulted not only in the direct quantitative loss, but also in change in appearance, texture and nutrition. To reduce the loss of moisture content during the distribution in the market, fresh products are packaged using plastic films. But, most of the fresh products are packaged manually in Korea. In order to minimize the labor requirement, the packaging machine for fruits and vegetables was developed and tested. Prototype was composed of film feeding unit, bag former, products feeding conveyor, film feeding roller, center sealer, end sealer and discharge conveyor. Green peppers, carrots and perilla leaves were tested with prototype. Prototype could pack 1780, 1390, 1780 bags per hour at the feeding speed of 0.08m/s respectively and 2250, 1810, 2640bags per hour at the feeding speed of 0.10m/s respectively. And packaging speed of green peppers and carrots was improved by 3.7 and 3.4 times compared with manual packaging. The packaging condition with the prototype was good and the products had almost no damages.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.513-522
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• 2009

HACCP is a scientific and systematic program that identifies specific hazards and gives measures for their control to ensure the safety of foods. Based on the Livestock Products Processing Act, the HACCP system is now being applied to Korean livestock products since December 1997, and Korea is accelerating its application from farm to table, including in farms, slaughterhouses, livestock product industries, retail markets, and transportation. The transport of livestock and its products is one of the vulnerable sectors in terms of food safety in Korea. Meats are transported in trucks in the form of carcasses or packaged meats in boxes. Carcasses may be exposed to microbiological, physical, and chemical hazards from the environment or through cross-contamination from other meats. Poor cleaning or maintenance of vehicles and tools may also raise the exposure of carcasses to microbiological or chemical hazards. HACCP application and its acceleration in distribution, particularly in transport, is regarded as critical to the provision to consumers of ultimately safe livestock products. To achieve this goal, steady efforts to develop practical tools for HACCP application should be carried out.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 1979

A survey was performed from April 1975 to Oct. 1978, on the high blood pressure of workers employed at industries in Busan area in order to seek for the environmental factors on blood pressure. The number of workers surveyed in the manufacturing industries occupied 72.4 percent of the total. By the age group of all workers, 39.9 percent belonged to the 20-29 year group. For the age distribution and sex of the workers, the highest frequency was found in the 20-29 year group in both sexes and was 36.8% and 46.1% in male and female, respectively. The prevalence rate of hypertension among the workers was 15.9. The industries showing the highest prevalence rate equivalent to wholesale, retail trades, restaurants, and hotels. This survey presented a tendency of increasing prevalence rate as the age increases.